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 can somebody explain me this sentence in the given context, particularly vertex and altitude please? i didn't study maths in english, so an ELI5 would be incredible

it's part of an introduction to a book called "Everything You Always Wanted To Know About Mathematics" by Brendan W. Sullivan https://i.nostr.build/eZEOG.jpg  
 link to the book, for those interested in reading further:

https://www.math.cmu.edu/~jmackey/151_128/bws_book.pdf 
 C - vertex, CD - altitude 
 ah, superb

❤️ 
 oops may be I wrong, and that vertex is D.  
It's better to read about such in native language :D. Sorry. 
 As I understand this (non-native myself) it's asking for the right triangle, C-D-A.

The vertex of the right angle of that triangle is D. The altitud, should be D-A, since is the longer side. 

So it should look like:       A

                                              D  C

Again, not native, so I might have gotten this all wrong.
 
 The vertex is the point where the two line segments meet to form the 90 degree angle. (The little square). The point labeled capital D on the smaller triangle. 
The altitude I believe refers to the “opposite” side of the right triangle which would be the side labeled lower case d in the smaller triangle.
Leaving the “adjacent” side as the line segment labeled lower case f.
Hope this helps🤙🏼 
 Wouldn't C be a right angel