Go fits best to your profile "mathematician that can code". 
You can learn it fast, and its a powerful and safe language. 

C has way more gotchas and its much more tedious to write larger applications in it than Go. Great for understanding how computers work but wouldn't recommend it for your use case.

I enjoy Rust most, it's package manager is great, there are tons of useful libraries and you can develop quality stuff in a very reasonable pace. But the learning curve is steeper than Go, not sure if you have the motivation/need for it.