Filindra describes how gun culture has changed from the colonial days of being a "citizen-soldier" who protects women and people to a more masculinized form of politics called ascriptive martial republicanism.

Also, she describes the masculinization of Jesus from being a person who helped the needy who never would have carried a weapon to a much more masculinized and macho form of Jesus. This occured when the Republican Party changed in the 1970s to being more against abortion which garnered support from the Evangelical Christian community.