PHYSICISTS SUGGEST UNIVERSE IS FULL OF MATERIAL MOVING FASTER THAN LIGHT

IT COULD BE WHAT MAKES UP DARK MATTER.

New research suggests that the universe is filled with particles capable of traveling faster than light, LiveScience reports — and that this scenario holds up as a potentially "viable alternative" to our current cosmological model.
https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/Mj2_1n8Tan26Rhqfubzynw--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTY0MDtoPTMzNg--/https://media.zenfs.com/en/futurism_981/b5e7c1acd6e80e4d584f70e38147d2ba


DoraHacks对“量子计算机的AI分类挑战”进行了资助

Yakihonne消息，在全球极客运动平台DoraHacks.io组织的耶鲁大学首次量子计算黑客马拉松 |Y> Quantum Hackathon圆满结束。期间，DoraHacks发布了量子计算-AI挑战"AI-inspired Classification of Quantum Computers"，七支团队从不同的角度对这个问题进行了探索，其中一支团队Spooner_QRNG_Classifier 得到了基准线以上显著的提升，赢得了本次挑战。
奖金将通过DoraHacks.io以USDC的形式发放，这是DoraHacks通过Web3基础设施支持前沿技术开源社区的例子。
https://twitter.com/DoraHacks/status/1779874834442547245


For all of the unknowns surrounding AI, this much is clear: This technology has the potential to unlock more progress, on more issues, for more people. But in order to mitigate risks for communities across the globe, we must approach this technology as a global community.— Ambassador Linda Thomas-Greenfield
https://video.nostr.build/a2d2a332841190b7bf2138a36771d9cd469fea619fc10239950876c4f0f277e7.mp4


US Rallies Support at UN to Align ‘Safe’ AI Systems Globally.
https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/i1qXC9Xk2wyQ/v1/1400x933.jpg


ZEUS v0.8.2-beta1 is now available for testing：
- LSP support for LND REST connections
- POS: Print receipts
- Currency conversion tool
- 33 new fiat currency conversions
- Enhanced wallet recovery interface
- Default channel opening settings
https://yakihonne.s3.ap-east-1.amazonaws.com/4d44443927c3e317ae338ab07be56ae7984ea922249ee4960fcfb6bf7ed2458b/files/1709197613978-YAKIHONNES3.png


Open-Source Software Is Worth a Lot More Than You Pay for It. Free products that users can modify and share may well be the greatest “public goods” markets have ever produced.
https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iSaDJzHASAI8/v1/1024x827.jpg


On March 6th, San Francisco will hold a discuss X-risk vs hope, small kills all risk from tech, differential tech development, top down-vs. bottom-up solutions, resilience, escape.
https://partiful.imgix.net/user/zyZJbTZi3MNi9bb7s2BAiTGC2O82/_Sxfi91rtnUglFYtKcQiV?fit=clip&w=630&auto=format


Sequence modeling and design from molecular to genome scale with Evo. lay out a vision for a biological foundation model that unites DNA, RNA, and protein modalities and operates at molecular, systems, and genome levels of scale.
https://arcinstitute.org/blog/evo/banner.jpg


Changpeng Zhao’s next move could involve decentralized science. Decentralized science, or DeSci, aims to apply decentralized business models to medical research.
 https://yakihonne.s3.ap-east-1.amazonaws.com/4d44443927c3e317ae338ab07be56ae7984ea922249ee4960fcfb6bf7ed2458b/files/1709038315778-YAKIHONNES3.jpg


Hawaiian Airlines introduces complimentary inflight Wi-Fi with SpaceX's Starlink, becoming the first major U.S. airline to offer this satellite-based service. 🛰
https://image.cnbcfm.com/api/v1/image/107371149-1707426769243-Sticker.jpg?v=1707426850&w=740&h=416&ffmt=webp&vtcrop=y


On 2 February 2024, the EU’s Artificial Intelligence Act was unanimously approved by the Council of EU Ministers. The next steps in the process involve approval by the European Parliament, with two parliamentary committees set to vote on February 13. The full European Parliament plenary vote is anticipated in April. Upon adoption, the AI Act will enter into force 20 days after its publication in the Official Journal, with different application dates implemented for prohibited AI systems, high-risk AI systems, and other systems.
https://www.politico.eu/cdn-cgi/image/width=2640,quality=80,onerror=redirect,format=auto/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/02/GettyImages-1250089762.jpg


Cybersecurity Alert: A hacker is reportedly selling access to a "KodexGlobal" account, claiming it allows them to issue Emergency Data Requests (EDRs) to platforms like Discord, Binance, & Coinbase. Hudson Rock reveals the account could be used to subpoena user info from various crypto and social media services.
https://s3.cointelegraph.com/uploads/2024-02/1a1d525b-d806-4648-a00a-3022fd431645.png


🏈Super Bowl LVIII embraces tradition over tech! 🍿 No crypto ads this year, just pure entertainment with a dash of humor. Watch out for iconic brands like BMW, Budweiser, and Oreo stealing the spotlight. Plus, Usher's halftime show is set to dazzle. It's all about fun as the Chiefs take on the 49ers.
https://www.cryptopolitan.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/DALL·E-2024-02-03-01.54.06-A-vibrant-and-thematic-image-capturing-the-essence-of-Super-Bowl-LVIII-to-Go-Crypto-Free_-No-Ads-in-Sight.-The-scene-depicts-a-festive-and-dynamic-S.webp


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This article delves into the top ten projects merging AI and blockchain technology to develop practical solutions and applications for crypto users.

## DeepFake Ai (FakeAI)
The DeepFake AI platform aims to decentralize access to deepfake services by allowing users to create realistic deepfake characters without the need for complicated tech knowledge.

It already has preset characters generated with realistic voice modulations, synchronized lip-syncs, and AI-generated videos.

DeepFake Ai also allows users to create new characters, which involves isolating noise from source clips, sourcing the needed pictures, and training its algorithm so the user can utilize it to create videos.

You might also like:
[DeepFake Ai review: bridging deepfakes, AI and blockchain
](https://crypto.news/deepfake-ai-review-bridging-deepfakes-ai-and-blockchain/)

The underlying complicated process allows the users to input sentences and phrases that the generated character would say.

Users can access the project through the web platform or Telegram. The broader DeepFakeAi ecosystem consists of the DeepFake web platform, Telegram bot integration for telegram communities, and the FakeAI deflationary token.

## Render (RNDR)
The Render project focuses on providing 3D-rendering facilities in real-time through a decentralized cloud platform that allows users to buy and sell their GPU-based processing power.

Its cloud platform runs on Kubernetes, a container orchestration system that supports numerous cloud-based services. The project also uses a reverse auction system, where it is the customer that provides a price budget, and the providers compete among themselves to get the slot and satisfy the user.

You might also like:
[Render defies bearish market sentiment, becomes top gainer
](https://crypto.news/render-defies-bearish-market-sentiment-becomes-top-gainer/)

Render’s peer-to-peer (P2P) structure allows the protocol to achieve high level of speed and scalability while being efficient. This allows artists and developers to develop next-level 3D renders while enjoying the platform’s next-generation digital rights management (DRM).

## Fetch.Ai (FET)
The Fetch.Ai platform is an artificial intelligence (AI) platform that allows users to create and deploy their own AI agents to perform designated tasks autonomously. These tasks can include exchanging data with and collaborating with other AI agents on the Fetch.Ai platform.

You might also like:
[Fetch.ai now offers advanced AI trading tools for decentralized exchanges
](https://crypto.news/fetch-ai-now-offers-advanced-ai-trading-tools-for-decentralized-exchanges/)

The underlying infrastructure of the Fetch.Ai platform combines blockchain smart contract technology with machine learning, Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG), and Domain-specific Language (DSL) to create autonomous agents and workflows efficiently. This allows Fetch.Ai to leverage decentralized technology to create a form of collective artificial intelligence.

The project is still undergoing development, with an open-source design that ensures no singular entity has complete control over the project.

## SingularityNET (AGIX)
The SingularityNET project is a decentralized marketplace that allows users to list, browse, test, and purchase different AI algorithms and projects.

SingularityNET algorithms are created by experienced service providers that allow users to make custom requests and participate in the governance activities of the platform.

You might also like:
[AGIX rallies ahead of new SingularityNET collaboration
](https://crypto.news/agix-rallies-ahead-of-new-singularitynet-collaboration/)

For new users, they can interact and hire experienced experts for their projects.

The SingularityNET platform collaborates with OpenCog Hyperon to create and manage Sophia, the world’s most expressive robot. The platform is powered by the AGIX token, which is used for staking, transacting, and voting.

## Akash Network (AKT)
Akash network is a decentralized cloud computing project disrupting the traditional cloud servicing industry to provide easy access to cloud resources.

Its infrastructure comprises decentralized cloud computing, a permissionless marketplace, high security, and flexibility with staking incentives. The project aims to transform the way users perceive and utilize cloud services.

You might also like:
[Akash Network price surges amid high social dominance
](https://crypto.news/akash-network-price-surges-amid-high-social-dominance/)

The project is built on a blockchain that negates the need for centralized cloud providers while offering global access to efficient data security.

The Akash Network leverages the Cosmos SDK, which allows for easy integration with other blockchain networks and fosters cross-chain collaborations.

## Ocean Protocol (OCEAN)
Ocean Protocol is a decentralized data-sharing platform that aims to provide a secure and efficient way for data owners to share their data with others while still maintaining control over the data and earning rewards.

For data users, the Ocean Protocol gives them access to high-quality data without worrying about privacy or security concerns. This would help to break down centralized data silos, accelerate the development of machine learning projects while democratizing access to valuable information.

You might also like:
[SingularityNET Allies with Ocean Protocol As It Prepares to Launch AI-Based DeFi Fund
](https://crypto.news/singularitynet-ocean-protocol-launch-ai-defi-fund/)

The Ocean Protocol also allows users to create data marketplaces that would connect providers of data with potential customers. The project uses the OCEAN token to conduct transactions efficiently, and the project aims to improve access to vital industries like healthcare and finance.

## InSure DeFi (SURE)
The InSure DeFi is a decentralized insurance platform that uses AI to protect users against hacks, market volatility, smart contract failures, and other risks.

You might also like:
[BlazeSwap Introduces New DeFi Solution on Flare Network
](https://crypto.news/blazeswap-introduces-new-defi-solution-on-flare-network/)

The project dilutes the risk exposure of users by distributing it among members of the liquidity pool, with a dynamic pricing model that determines the insurance premium available to users.

It uses the SURE token to run the InSure DAO that allows participants to process and validate insurance claims.

## OriginTrail (TRAC)
OriginTrail is an open-source graph that is designed to be decentralized. The project depends on AI to connect the blockchain with the real world to counter misinformation and drive transparency.

The decentralized design allows any user to partake in the knowledge-sharing activity. This is possible through data non-fungible tokens (NFTs) that provide access to data environments, web services, or digital assets while maintaining the intellectual rights of the owner.

You might also like:
[Elon Musk Renews Twitter Buyout Offer for Original $44 Billion Price Tag
](https://crypto.news/elon-musk-renews-twitter-buyout-offer-for-original-44-billion-price-tag/)

The project allows users to run AI algorithms on existing data without exposing it. This can be utilized in such industries as supply chain, logistics, and scientific research.

## Numerai (NMR)
Numerai is the first platform launched by a hedge fund that gathers the predictive algorithms of data scientists in a Numerai tournament and rewards the scientists whose models perform well.

You might also like:
[AI Hedge Fund Numerai Issues One Million ‘Numeraire’ Tokens to its 12,000 Data Scientists
](https://crypto.news/numerai-issues-one-million-numeraire-tokens-to-its-12000-data-scientists/)

The project aims to gather a collaborative artificial intelligence network to help users generate returns in crypto. Central to Numerai is NMR, a governance token.

## Everipedia (IQ)
Everipedia initially launched in 2015 as a fork of Wikipedia. The decentralized encyclopedia platform is focused on rewarding users who participate in the project by creating and curating valuable content.

It uses blockchain and artificial intelligence to create a knowledge base that is resistant to any form of censorship and tampering.

You might also like:
[Everipedia Chooses EOS Over Ethereum Blockchain Ahead of Launch
](https://crypto.news/everipedia-chooses-eos-over-ethereum-blockchain-ahead-of-launch/)

The project is powered by the IQ token that provides governance utilities for its holders. IQ holders can access premium features, such as editing, advertising, and analytics.

The protocol aims to create a platform that would challenge the dominance of centralized platforms like Wikipedia.

## Conclusion
The above are examples of the possible combinations between blockchain tech and artificial intelligence and the utility they can provide.

This utility ranges from creating realistic deepfake characters with DeepFake AI to rendering 3D graphics in real time, from deploying autonomous AI agents to collaborating with expressive robots.

From providing tamper-proof data to linking the digital world with the real world, these projects are proof of the potential and diversity of AI-powered crypto projects.

Link：https://crypto.news/top-10-ai-powered-crypto-projects-deepfake-ai-to-everipedia/

Top 10 AI-powered crypto projects: DeepFake Ai to Everipedia

Blockchain and artificial intelligence (AI) are disruptive technologies which have transformed numerous industries, and their impact is expected to extend further.


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Saving the planet can sometimes feel like an uphill battle. It seems like billions in oil money and myopic politicians thwart any significant efforts to move towards net-zero. But a new study has found that our transition to renewable energy isn’t just beneficial but inevitable. In other words, the demise of the fossil industry has already begun, and meeting net-zero by 2050 is potentially easier than we previously thought.

This study comes from the University of Exeter and University College London researchers. They analysed recent technological and economic advances in renewable energies and tried to predict how this industry will grow in the coming years. They found that solar power has reached an “irreversible tipping point” that will see it become the world’s primary energy source by 2050.

** Quick interruption, if you want more from me, or interact with me, go follow me on Bluesky**

The researchers said, “The recent progress of renewables means that fossil fuel-dominated projects are no longer realistic.” Why? Well, they said that “Solar energy is the most widely available energy resource on Earth, and its economic attractiveness is improving fast in a cycle of increasing investments.” The researchers found that “due to technological trajectories set in motion by past policy, a global irreversible solar tipping point may have passed where solar energy gradually comes to dominate global electricity markets, without any further climate policies.” This will then snowball over the coming years, and by 2050, Solar power will make up the majority of the global energy mix.

For some scale here, solar currently only accounts for just over 1% of global energy consumption. So, these researchers are predicting solar power will experience unprecedented and exponential growth over the coming decades.

But these researchers aren’t alone. Others have found similar results. A Berlin-based group recently found that in the next 30 years, fossil fuel-generated power will no longer be economically viable thanks to the plummeting costs of solar, batteries and other renewable technologies.

But where have these findings come from? And why now? Well, when you dig into the data around fossil fuels and compare them to current renewables, there is an obvious winner.

Firstly, renewables are far better economically than fossil fuels, no matter how you look at them. Firstly, renewables create more, better paying, safer jobs than fossil fuels, which will keep an economy buoyant. In fact, studies have found that every dollar invested in renewables creates three times more jobs than every dollar invested in the fossil fuel industry. This means that as we transition away from fossil fuels, there will actually be a net gain in jobs and GDP. The IEA estimates that by 2030, 5 million jobs in the fossil fuel industry could be lost, but 14 million new jobs would be created in clean energy, resulting in a net gain of 9 million jobs.

Moreover, as renewables are based on local energy resources, the additional jobs and cash injection stay local. In comparison, fossil fuels are shipped abroad or out of state and tend to be owned by multinational bodies. As such, the wealth they generate doesn’t stay in the local economy. What’s more, the energy they generate is more reliable, as it can’t be affected by foreign fuel markets, which are susceptible to disruptions from geopolitical tensions. This means that economies that adopt renewables faster can grow significantly faster than those based on fossil fuels.

While it is still more expensive to build renewables than it is to build fossil fuel infrastructure, the energy they produce is far cheaper per MWh. This is because you don’t need to continually buy or process fuel to generate power. As such, solar energy is now up to 9.2 times cheaper per MWh than fossil fuels! So, if a country can afford to pay the upfront costs of renewables, the overall reduction in cost means their economy will overall spend less on energy and, in turn, have more money to invest and grow the economy.

But, the upfront cost to the government for renewables is actually cheaper than what they are currently spending on fossil fuels. In 2022, the globe spent around $7 trillion in subsidies, tax breaks, and health and environmental damages to oil companies. These expenses are used to keep fossil fuels cheap and profitable so that these countries can ensure a steady supply. However, only $4 trillion annually needs to be invested into renewables until 2030 to reach our climate goals. So, from a government spending perspective, renewables are far cheaper to build than to continue paying trillions to the already bloated oil industry.

Lastly, renewables have considerable health and environmental benefits, as they don’t emit pollutants, irritants, or toxins like fossil fuels do. As we saw over the past year, even a small amount of climate change can cause billions of dollars of damage to our economies through extreme weather. This means that if we fully adopt renewables and curb climate change, we could save the world economy the equivalent of $4.2 trillion per year! What’s more, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), about 99 per cent of people in the world breathe air that exceeds air quality limits and threatens their health. This means that 13 million deaths worldwide yearly are due to avoidable environmental causes, including air pollution. The damages of these health impacts and other environmental impacts from the pollution of fossil fuels amounted to $2.9 billion in 2018 alone! As such, switching to renewables will dramatically increase the quality of life of people worldwide and mitigate significant economic damages through loss of health.

All these reasons mean that it is now economically, morally and financially dubious to approve fossil fuel energy infrastructure over renewable infrastructure. And, as solar power is now the cheapest and quickest to install, it is currently leading the charge. The researchers of the first study took all the advantages and trends in solar power and extrapolated them into the future. They found that solar power would grow incredibly quickly over the coming years, and by 2050, over half of the world’s energy will come from solar! As such, we may have already crossed an economic tipping point where solar crushes the fossil fuel industry.

But, the researchers did identify some potential barriers to this future. Namely, foreign finance and political sway.

One of the main driving forces of this solar expansion would be developing countries rapidly adopting the technology. They desperately need cheap energy that doesn’t further damage their environment or economy and isn’t dramatically influenced by more influential foreign markets. As such, renewables, particularly solar, as most developing nations are in the sunny tropics, are perfect for them. But they require affordable loans to build solar farms, and right now, these countries don’t have access to such services. As such, they are forced to turn to cheaper to build coal and gas power, which will actually cost them significantly more in the long run. As such, if we want solar energy to grow at this predicted rate, the international community needs to approve affordable loans to developing nations for renewable energy expansion.

Now, political barriers come down to how much dirty fossil fuel is in politics. You see, while renewable technology shares the wealth it creates mainly among the workforce, fossil fuels instead concentrate wealth in their upper echelons. As such, fossil fuel CEOs and major stockholders have the ability to spend billions to influence politics for their gain. As such, they can actively block renewable expansion, even if renewables would be better for the economy, energy customers, environment and the government. Meanwhile, renewables don’t have the funds to be able to lobby like this.

This is why I argue that capitalism can solve climate change. If it were a truly free market with an equitable playing field, renewables would be utterly burying the fossil fuel industry at the minute. But we don’t live in that world. Instead, our capitalism and free market are swayed and restricted by giant conglomerates and private entities engaging in political lobbying to their benefit, not the general public.

The data is becoming more and more apparent by the day. Renewables don’t just make sense environmentally; they also make sense economically. This doesn’t mean that we can sit back and let the market forces push this forward, as to save the world, renewables need to expand even faster than this study predicts they would. But it does mean that if we can get fossil fuel money out of politics and create a global equitable fund for renewables expansion, we can get most of the way there. These two might seem nearly impossible to implement, but we are being threatened with a near apocalypse on a global scale, and humanity has achieved far less before in far less pressing circumstances.

By：Will Lockett
Link：https://medium.com/predict/solar-is-set-to-outstrip-fossil-fuels-62e3d8b31802

A recent study finds that a crucial energy tipping point is coming.


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So, here I was, minding my own business and teaching myself the basics of quantum computing when I enrolled in IBM’s global quantum summer school this August, it’s an intensive course, so one has to really immerse oneself to understand the basics, I was reading various blogs and articles written on the relevant articles by many people, and that’s when I stumbled upon one guy whose repository was quite rich in not only quantum related articles but also contained articles on philosophy, spirituality, and a few other topics that weren’t that evolved in my opinion but one that caught my eye was on climate change that contained a long rant on how the carbon emissions will only be taken care of when there will be sanctions on India and China. I was irate as the entire blog was written from a theoretical standpoint. It blamed the Asian countries for all the emissions without the context in place and, in the end, took the placatory tone that everyone has to come together to work on this draconian problem we are facing.

![image](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*Ht1tO0shRJzJ0Mh3SLLCIQ.jpeg)
Source: https://unsplash.com/photos/person-holding-change-the-politics-not-the-climate-printed-board-Tq7lbAeF9BQ

Although I agree with how the article ended, I wanted to shed more light on the history of carbon emissions and see the picture from a data-driven lens. I downloaded the data from https://www.ourworldindata.com and sat to work. This blog is a humble attempt to see “what happened”, and “where we are”, and suggest “what we can do” purely from the data perspective without bringing any inherent biases or political commentary. Dealing with the data also provided me with more information on a topic that I am motivated to find out more about. This is pure digression from the quantum world that I have been swimming in for a while, but my interest was piqued, and it had to be done. So, let’s get cracking!

A note on visualizations — I used Python and Altair library (Thanks to Jake Vanderplas) that creates beautiful charts, it took me a while to get used to the vocabulary as it was some time since I had touched Altair, but the end results are worth the effort.

## Who emits the most CO2?
In 2022, the entire world emitted approx. 36.8 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide is in the atmosphere. There are parts of the world that emit more than the others, a tree map visual would be a perfect way to look at the distribution. I used Plotly’s capabilities here to accomplish the same.

```
fig = px.treemap(df, path=[px.Constant("Carbon dioxide emission over the world(in percent)"),'Origin', 'Entity'],
                 values='Share of global annual CO₂ emissions_1'
                 )
fig.data[0].textinfo = 'label+text+value'
fig.update_layout(margin = dict(t=50, l=25, r=25, b=25))
fig.show()
```

In the visualization below, we can see that Asia emitted around 56% of the 36.8 B tonnes, North America accounted for 18%, Europe 17%, and the rest of the continents accounted for the remaining 4–5% of the emissions.

Please note that the emissions here only refer to the site of the production and not to the actual place where the produced goods are consumed eventually. So, going by these numbers alone wouldn’t be justified.

Asia is the home to approx. 60% of the world's population, so from a cursory look, it seems that the per capita emission is much lower here than in the rest of the world. China accounts for nearly 31% of the emissions in Asia, and India is in second place in this undesirable list with 7% emissions. The USA, with nearly 350 million population, accounts for 13.5% of the emissions.

![image](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*Wx3_DgrKIGaDqtng21LrJQ.jpeg)
Image by author

A naive person would blame the Asian countries directly without thinking twice, there might be some truth to it, yes, at the moment, there are more emissions from Asia, but the picture is far from being complete.

A better metric would be to see the per capita carbon emissions of the various countries.

## Per capita CO2 emissions
An average person emits approx. 4.8 tonnes of Carbon dioxide every year, but when you compare the number with that of certain countries such as Kuwait, UAE, Qatar, Brunei, Bahrain, and Saudi Arabia, the numbers are way too high — all of them are oil-producing economies with relatively smaller populations. We can’t really attribute all the carbon emissions to these countries as the oil is eventually consumed by mostly other countries. Having said so, the aforementioned countries are quite rich and contribute highly to their lifestyle emissions too. It’s virtually impossible to stay without an air conditioner in Middle Eastern nations, if you have ever used a brand from the Middle East, such as O General, then you would know what I am talking about. They are powerful AC units, and the electricity bill is always humongous.

![image](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*XIenohvPToFyUHCYCzMPFQ.jpeg)
Image by author

```
last_val = base.mark_circle().encode(
    alt.X("last_year['Year']:O", axis=alt.Axis(labelOverlap = True,labelSeparation = 1)),
    alt.Y("last_year['Annual CO₂ emissions (per capita)']:Q")
).transform_aggregate(
    last_year="argmax(Year)",
    groupby=["Entity"]
)

entity_name = last_val.mark_text(align="left", dx=4).encode(text="Entity")

chart = (line + last_val + entity_name).encode(
    x=alt.X().title("Year"),
    y=alt.Y().title("Annual CO₂ emissions (per capita)")
)

# Put the five layers into a chart and bind the data
alt.layer(
    chart, selectors, points, rules, text
).properties(
    width=800, height=500
)
```

This doesn’t really provide a clear picture, as the low populations of those countries skew the data. It’s better to look at populous countries such as the USA, Canada, China, and India, amongst others.

An average Indian produces only 2 tonnes of carbon dioxide, which is 3 tonnes lower than the world average, while an average American or Canadian produces 8 times as much as an Indian or 3 times the world average.

The countries with high income would have higher standards of living, and thus their emissions would be higher as well.

![image](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*R3CGxcL0wPNa1VK5xnrPQQ.png)
Image by author

This isn’t a rule of thumb, though, there is a difference in Europe where the standard of living is much higher, but there is a conspicuous difference between various countries. Portugal, France, and the UK have significantly lower or nearly at the ‘world average’ emission compared to countries such as Belgium, Netherlands, and Germany. The source of energy plays a major role here, France uses a lot of nuclear energy compared to Germany, which is still a largely fossil fuel-based energy production economy.

![image](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*-2DXtvLmaLSTpXHipQmkFw.jpeg)
Image by author

## Emissions by Region
The following chart shows the breakdown of the 36.8 billion tonnes by the region. It also shows how the various regions progressed over time.

Till the beginning of the 20th century, global emissions were mostly dominated by Europe and the United States attributed to industrialization, but there has been a shortage in recent decades. From the 1980s onwards, emissions have risen in the rest of the world, especially in Asia and most notably China. The USA and Europe now account for a third of the emissions.

It’s interesting to see how international transport features as a prominent player in emissions. Next time you have that avocado toast, try to find out where it was sourced from and what its journey was.

```
source = df_I

base = alt.Chart(source).mark_area(opacity = 0.3).encode(
    x = alt.X('Year:O', axis=alt.Axis(labelOverlap = True,labelSeparation = 1)),
    y = alt.Y("Annual CO₂ emissions", axis = alt.Axis(title='Annual CO₂ emissions(in Tonnes)',labelExpr='datum.value / 1E9 + "B"')).stack(None),
    color="Entity:N"
).properties(width=800, height=600)

base
```

![image](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*FIy5UHJtD4a9LfsFXVVOmA.jpeg)
Image by author

## Cumulative Emissions — Who emitted the most historically?
To curtail the tremp rise to 2 degrees, the emissions need to be curtained to a great degree and quickly.

It will be he said, she said if we go by the political conventions, so let the data talk to see which economies have contributed how much and emitted the most carbon dioxide since we started recording it.

As expected, the USA and the European Union top the list, and China is catching up but has some way to go to do so.

The USA has emitted more Carbon dioxide than any other nation. Till now, approx. 15 trillion tonnes of Carbon has been emitted, and the USA accounts for 25% of it. The same goes for the European Union, which was spearheading imperialism and colonialism in Asia and Africa, they are at 22%. India falls to 3%, the UK takes 5% of the historical responsibility, and Germany is responsible for 6% as much as the whole of Africa and South America combined.

Many large countries, such as India and Brazil, have not contributed much in the historical context. The general point of contention is that the developed nations got developed off the back and the resources of the colonies and are now being didactic to the other nations and asking them to follow suit.

```
line = alt.Chart(source).mark_trail(interpolate='basis').encode(
    x = alt.X('Year:O', axis=alt.Axis(labelOverlap = True,labelSeparation = 1)),
    y = alt.Y('Cumulative CO₂ emissions', axis = alt.Axis(title='Cumulative CO₂ emissions(in Tonnes)', labelExpr='datum.value / 1E9 + "B"')),
    color="Entity",
    size='Cumulative CO₂ emissions:Q'
)

```

![image](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*ZyyGJSACE8BRsEVnbR05KQ.jpeg)
Another interesting metric to look at is how each region’s cumulative share of CO2 emissions has changed over time.

```
base = alt.Chart(source).transform_calculate(
    order="{'Europe (excl. EU-27)':2, 'European Union (27)':1, 'United States': 3, 'China': 4,'Asia (excl. China and India)': 5, 'India': 6 }[datum.variable]"
).mark_area().encode(
    x = alt.X('Year:O', axis=alt.Axis(labelOverlap = True,labelSeparation = 1)),
    y = alt.Y("Cumulative CO₂ emissions", axis = alt.Axis()).stack('normalize'),
    color=alt.Color("Entity:N", sort=alt.SortField("order", "descending")),
    order="order:O"
    #color="Entity:N"
).properties(width=800, height=600)
```

In this visualization, we are seeing the change in the share of the global cumulative emissions over time from the 1750s to 2022.

Till 1950, more than half of historical CO2 emissions were emitted by Europe. The vast majority of emissions from Europe back then were emitted by the United Kingdom. Over the century that followed, industrialization in the USA rapidly found its footing on this map.

It’s only over the past 50 years that growth in South America, Asia, and Africa has increased these regions’ share of total contribution.

![image](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*iIebfRl2oo0Sa2JfS5ilIw.jpeg)
Image by author

## How each country’s share of cumulative CO2 emissions has changed over time?

```
base = alt.Chart(source).mark_line().encode(
    x = alt.X('Year:O', axis=alt.Axis(labelOverlap = True,labelSeparation = 1)),
    y = alt.Y("Share of global cumulative CO₂ emissions",
              axis = alt.Axis(title='Share of global cumulative CO₂ emissions'), scale=alt.Scale(domain=[0, 100])),
    color="Entity:N"
).properties(width=800, height=600)
```

As expected, most of it would be from the UK in the beginning as industrialization began there, and then the USA started catching up, and so did the European countries. The countries that were large emitters at one time aren’t the biggest emitters at the moment, barring the USA.

![image](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*xnki32RTgZviw3ZTW011GQ.jpeg)
Image by author

Having all said and done, here is the moment of truth

## Temperature anomaly
The temperature changes at the global scale, the northern and the southern hemispheres since 1850, are plotted in the graph. If the change goes to 2 degrees, then there will be far-reaching irreversible repercussions that would be impossible for us to bear. Right now, we already are near the 1-degree mark.

```
lines = (
    alt.Chart(source)
    .mark_line()
    .encode(x = alt.X('Year:O', axis=alt.Axis(labelOverlap = True,labelSeparation = 1)),
            y='Global average temperature anomaly relative to 1961-1990',
            color="Entity")
).properties(
    width=700, height = 500
)
```

On average, there is a 0.8 degree rise in temperature at the global level and we already are feeling the heat.

![image](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*uytiLmEkl3Q4r56_TZKnBg.jpeg)
Image by author

The upper bound of the global temperature anomaly is reaching the 1-degree mark.

Not a good sign at all!

![image](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*ZBDlEcragw_Gnoo4RwTMcA.jpeg)
Image by author

## Who needs to take responsibility?
This has been and will remain the point of contention amongst nations. Everyone is part of the climate conventions, they sign the various declarations take pledges, and oaths to reduce their carbon footprints, but nothing substantial is happening.

There has to be an inconsistency somewhere. There must be nations and organizations that aren’t practicing what they preach.

*The statements that irk me are — We are a small nation, how can we make an impact? Look at China and India, they are causing so much pollution everywhere; Have you been to Southeast East Asia, it looks like a dump.*

There is a narrative that the richer Western nations are historically, morally, politically, and financially responsible for climate change. Moreover, in the past 30–40 years, there is an idea that has come into the picture, and that’s climate colonialism, which is the colonization of Asian and African nations and their ecology. Most of the Western nations industrialized and have exported their emissions to the developing nations and have started calling themselves green. On top of that, they have formed organizations that dictate rules and laws for every nation and expect everyone to fall in line. Essentially, they have created a system that they believe will absolve them from all their sins.

Have you ever asked yourself where steel, computers, furniture, paint, electronics, apparel, etc in your home come from? What is the source? You don’t need to go far, check the back of your shirts and most probably, it will be “Made in xyz” where xyz will be an Asian nation, all major brands that you can think of have large footprints in Asia. Western nations get their goods, but these developing nations get their pollution. It is well known that the fashion industry is the most polluting one after the Oil and Gas one, the land, water, and air all get polluted at the site where these famous branded clothes are manufactured in the name of fast fashion. There is a great demand for these clothes, but when there will be climate refugees, which will be a reality one day or the other, in the future — do you think any of the Western nations will open their doors and borders for them? If you think anyone will come for your help, then you are living in a fool’s paradise.

The other side of the same coin is that no one forced the developing nations to take up those polluting industries inside their lands, they are in precarious conditions economically and have to bend to the demands as in the end, they generate income, employment, and contribute to the GDP of the nations.

On top of that, there has been a trend in most of the rich nations to create a few think tanks, write some reports in a few predatory journals that would spread alternative facts about climate and create confusion to the degree that people fail to recognize the difference between weather and climate. There are corps and organizations that sponsor leaders and politicians who will parrot out statements supporting not curtailing emissions. Even some scientists aren’t far behind in this game of debauchery and money, they would nitpick and cherry-pick events and the data to support their claims to deny climate change.

The developed world has done more damage to the climate, and they should more than just preach and make laws on paper, putting entire responsibility on the developing nations and playing the blame game is utterly, egregiously, outstandingly irresponsible.

Isn’t it fair to ask all the nations to count their outsourced emissions too? Isn’t the demand to change all fossil fuel-based economies overnight an unfair one and a self-defeating strategy?

Isn’t it unfair to ask the developing nations to stop their industrialization altogether? We saw what happened in the political unrest in Sri Lanka last year, and little did most people know that one of the major reasons was crop failure. At the behest of European nations, they started growing only organic crops, which failed, and because they didn’t have any GMO crops as well, their entire cash and staple crops failed and exacerbated the political unrest.

## Is a resolution possible?
This is a global problem, and one single nation or a group of nations can’t make a substantial dent unless everyone comes together.

The rich countries are in fortuitous positions as they became rich and comfortable after years of fossil fuel burning. They have a large historical footprint, and their massive wealth and access to resources means they still emit a lot per person. One can ask how Germany, France, or any other relatively smaller but developed nation can have an impact. The point is they can.

They are in resourceful positions, they are technically ahead and they have well-educated masses at their disposal. Using all these resources, they can aim to develop low-cost energy efficient solutions and spread them around the world. To avoid fossil fuels, we need new sustainable methods, and we need them fast. There is wind, solar, and hydel energy, but what percentage of our energy comes from these sources? How many houses do we see around us that are solar or wind-powered?

The developing nations can put sanctions and bans on single-use plastics, encourage cloth bags, and learn better ways to manage and recycle the garbage. Also, one can look at indigenous ways of life, such as the use of vernacular architecture to reduce the use of cement and other energy-intensive materials. Checking your diet, using public transport, and using energy judiciously are a few things that should be done to begin with. Another important part is reforestation rather than planting a few trees in silos. A large group of trees become local lungs and can act as a carbon sink and have a positive impact on the environment as a whole.

Electronic and battery waste are a big one, and thus right to repair is another big area that should be focused on. How is it possible that buying a new appliance is $50, but getting it repaired costs $150(Manhattan rates)? Why would anyone repair it? They will just chuck it out and buy a new one, causing more waste and damage to the environment. I have witnessed garbage resellers who import electronic garbage to their countries, extract the precious metals from them, and dump the rest in landfills.

It’s a large, highly connected, complicated, and convoluted cycle in which there aren’t any loose ends. It’s not a zero-sum game, we can’t afford the temperature rise to be at 1.5 or 2 degrees, there is only one planet for now unless Musk or anyone else colonizes Mars; so we have no choice but to save it.

At the end of the day, figuring out who is responsible for climate change is nothing but a blame game and an exercise in floccinaucinihilipilification. We aren’t living in silos; an impact in one part of the world will have a direct impact on other parts, and there won’t be anywhere to hide from the wrath of nature. Because one country was irresponsible yesterday or is being irresponsible, today doesn’t mean we can continue our old ways even now.

Just going to Basel or Paris conventions won’t work, all of us need to put our hands where our mouth is and remove the disparity between what we practice and what we preach.

By：Prashant Mudgal
Link：https://pub.towardsai.net/who-is-responsible-for-climate-change-a-graphical-approach-b4cd5a1859be

Who is Responsible for Climate Change? — A Graphical Approach

A Data-driven approach to the global warming issue


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Typical heart rate monitoring in wearable tech, like smart watches or wireless earbuds, relies at least partially on photoplethysmography (PPG), which uses light pulses to measure blood activity. It works generally well, but it has its limitations. Google scientists wrote in a new research blog spotted by 9to5Google yesterday that they had tried a different approach, called audioplethysmography (APG), that uses ultrasound to measure heart rate. And they did it with off-the-shelf active noise-canceling (ANC) earbuds and a software update.

The trick works by bouncing a low-intensity ultrasound signal off the inside of the ear canal and using the tiny microphone that helps make ANC work to detect skin surface perturbations as blood pumps through it. According to the blog, the technique was “resilient” even given a bad ear seal, differing ear canal size, or darker skin tones. That last one is notable since heart rate accuracy with darker natural skin tones or tattoos has been an ongoing problem with smartwatches and other wearables until now.

![image](https://duet-cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/0x0:800x450/1080x608/filters:focal(400x225:401x226):no_upscale():format(webp)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/25041173/audioplethysmography.gif)
A gif illustrating audioplethysmography. Image: Google

Google’s researchers also found the ultrasound approach worked fine when music was playing, but said that it had issues in noisy environments and that “the APG signal can sometimes be very noisy and could be heavily disturbed by body motion.” However, they found they could overcome the motion problem by using multiple frequencies and teasing out the most accurate signal among them.

In addition to commercially available earbuds, the researchers also used purpose-built prototypes to test the effect of microphone placement. The field study was performed with 153 participants. The researchers said the median error rate for heart rate and heart rate variability was 3.21 percent and 2.70 percent, respectively.

Heart rate monitoring headphones have been around for a while, but they use the PPG approach and can be very sensitive to intense movement or a bad fit.

Bear in mind that this is only a study and doesn’t mean Google is about to release headphones that do this (or update your Pixel Buds Pro to do it). Still, it hints at the company’s ideas as it makes more of an effort in the wearables space. If you want to read Google’s study in detail, you can download it on Google’s site.

By： Wes Davis
Link：https://www.theverge.com/2023/10/28/23936562/google-heart-rate-monitoring-headphones-earbuds-active-noise-canceling

Google researchers use off-the-shelf headphones to measure heart rate

Researchers at Google say they used existing noise-canceling headphones to get pulse readings by updating their software.


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![image](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/0*ZjEJqsMI10XjLNmi.jpg)

## Quantum Mechanics:

A term that often conjures images of complex equations, abstract theories, and particles behaving strangely. While it may seem daunting, quantum mechanics is a fundamental branch of physics that governs the behavior of matter and energy at the smallest scales, revealing a fascinating world of the microscopic. In this article, we will embark on a journey to demystify quantum mechanics, exploring its key principles, historical context, and some of its mind-bending implications.

## The Quantum Revolution:

The early 20th century witnessed a scientific revolution, led by brilliant minds like Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, and Erwin Schrödinger. These pioneers developed the foundation of quantum mechanics, challenging classical physics’ long-standing principles. Planck’s quantization idea was the starting point, suggesting that energy is not continuous but exists in discrete packets or “quanta.” This concept paved the way for quantum mechanics.

## Key Principles of Quantum Mechanics:

1. Wave-Particle Duality: Quantum mechanics introduced the concept that particles, such as electrons and photons, exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties. This duality defied classical physics and was famously described by Schrödinger’s wave equation.
2. Uncertainty Principle: Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle states that we cannot precisely know both the position and momentum of a particle simultaneously. The more accurately we determine one, the less accurately we can know the other.
3. Superposition: In the quantum world, particles can exist in a superposition of multiple states simultaneously. This principle is at the heart of quantum computing and quantum entanglement.
4. Quantum Entanglement: When two particles become entangled, their properties are interdependent, even when separated by vast distances. This phenomenon led to Einstein’s “spooky action at a distance” critique.

## Practical Applications:

Quantum mechanics isn’t just a theoretical concept. It has practical applications in various fields, including:

1. Quantum Computing: Quantum computers leverage quantum bits (qubits) to perform complex calculations exponentially faster than classical computers.
2. Quantum Cryptography: Quantum key distribution ensures secure communication by exploiting the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics.
3. Quantum Sensors: Quantum technology is used in precise instruments like atomic clocks and quantum-enhanced imaging devices.

## The Quantum World’s Puzzling Aspects:

We’ll also explore some of the intriguing aspects of quantum mechanics, such as Schrödinger’s Cat, quantum tunneling, and quantum teleportation.

Quantum mechanics challenges our intuitions, offering a new perspective on the nature of the universe. By understanding its key principles and implications, we can appreciate the beauty and complexity of this fundamental theory. Quantum mechanics has already transformed the world of technology and has the potential to revolutionize many more aspects of our lives. So, let’s continue our journey into the quantum realm, where the rules of the ordinary world no longer apply, and where the mysteries are as fascinating as they are endless.

By：Cherifa Soltani Bochra
Link：https://medium.com/@soltani_bochra/quantum-mechanics-a-journey-into-the-world-of-the-microscopic-3c16ca254248

Quantum Mechanics: A Journey into the World of the Microscopic


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![image](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*x8HgcCBTXiAzjNi23XR4NQ.jpeg)
The charm of room has enthralled human creative mind for quite a long time. From the earliest long periods of stargazing to the advanced time of room investigation, humankind’s interest with the universe has just developed further. While mechanical missions have furnished us with significant bits of knowledge into the universe, there is a particular and significant distinction when people themselves adventure into the last wilderness. This article investigates the past, present, and eventual fate of human investigation past Earth and the undertakings that look for us.

## The Trailblazers of Room Investigation

Humankind’s interest with space investigation traces all the way back to the times of old developments. Early space experts like Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler established the groundwork for how we might interpret the universe. In the twentieth hundred years, the space race between the US and the Soviet Association lighted an intense interest in wandering past our home planet. Yuri Gagarin’s notable circle of Earth in 1961 and Neil Armstrong’s notorious moonwalk in 1969 checked turning points in our journey to investigate the unexplored world.

## Early Achievements in Space Investigation

The space age has seen a few significant accomplishments in human spaceflight. Soon after the moon arrival, space organizations like NASA, Roscosmos, and the European Space Office have kept on pushing the limits of human investigation. Space stations like Skylab, Mir, and the Worldwide Space Station (ISS) have given priceless experience to living and working in the unforgiving climate of room.
![image](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*Blq5jvlz3v83zlr-k7_aNQ.jpeg)

## The Worldwide Space Station: A Venturing Stone

The ISS, specifically, has filled in as a stage for worldwide participation and logical exploration. Maintained persistently since the year 2000, it has permitted space travelers from different countries to team up on tests in fields going from science to physical science. The ISS gives a fundamental venturing stone to understanding the drawn out impacts of room travel on the human body and for planning for more aggressive excursions, like missions to Mars.

## The Fate of Room Investigation

As we plan ahead, there are a few energizing experiences in space investigation not too far off:

Artemis Program: NASA’s Artemis program expects to return people to the moon by the mid-2020s, including the main lady and the following man. The Artemis program offers a chance for logical examination as well as lays the foundation for future profound space missions.

Mars Investigation: People are effectively wanting to go to Mars in the next few decades. SpaceX, NASA, and other space organizations have aggressive designs to send people to the Red Planet, possibly laying out a feasible settlement.

Space The travel industry: Privately owned businesses like SpaceX, Blue Beginning, and Virgin Cosmic are attempting to make space more open to the overall population. Space the travel industry could open up totally new experiences in space investigation for the people who can bear the cost of it.

Interstellar Investigation: While this remains immovably in the domain of sci-fi until further notice, venturing out to other star frameworks is an enticing possibility. Projects like Advancement Starshot plan to send little, mechanical shuttle to adjoining star frameworks, possibly preparing for future human investigation.

## Difficulties of Room Investigation

In spite of these astonishing prospects, the difficulties of room investigation are considerable. Radiation, delayed segregation, and the sheer separation from Earth make long-term space missions inconceivably unsafe. In any case, progresses in innovation, space apparatus plan, and our comprehension of human physiology are consistently resolving these issues.

![image](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*lXyBwG3NJZiXkBvlbgo15w.jpeg)
All in all, human investigation past Earth is a demonstration of our natural interest and the unrelenting soul of experience. From early trailblazers to present day space travelers and future space vacationers, the undertakings in space have, and will proceed to, push the limits of human potential. Every mission, each step, takes us closer to opening the secrets of the universe and getting mankind’s place among the stars. As we adventure further into the incredible obscure, we will undoubtedly find new ponders and difficulties that will shape how we might interpret the universe for a long time into the future.

However, as we continue onward into the universe, it is significant that we do so dependably, taking into account the natural effect of our undertakings, global cooperation, and the moral inquiries encompassing space investigation. The protection of heavenly bodies, aversion of room trash, and guaranteeing that any life we experience on different universes is treated with deference are all essential for the perplexing embroidery of difficulties we should explore. With legitimate stewardship and a common obligation to the logical investigation and extension of human information, our experiences in space guarantee not exclusively to extinguish our unquenchable hunger for disclosure yet in addition to move people in the future to try the impossible and embrace their own remarkable excursions into the tremendous, strange locales of the universe.

By：MINAHIL FATIMA
Link：https://medium.com/@fatimamanahil0789/experiences-in-space-human-investigation-past-earth-7cf19cf3681a

‘‘Experiences in Space: Human Investigation Past Earth’’


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In October 1961, Betty and Barney Hill sat down with an astronomy lecturer at their home in New Hampshire, and made an extraordinary claim. The previous month, the couple – a social worker and a postal service employee – had been driving along a winding road through the White Mountains, when they were snatched by a group of extraterrestrials, they said. The Hills explained that they had then been subjected to a series of invasive, "probing" examinations by these strange beings aboard a flying saucer-style spacecraft.

The claims gripped the public imagination and are widely credited with pioneering the entire alien abduction genre – it was the first such story to be published, and led to many similar tales from members of the public. But it also contributed to another revolution – via Hollywood. In the Hills' account, the creatures they met had oversized heads with large craniums, wide eyes, greyish skin, small noses and slit-like mouths. The couple had invented the archetypal sci-fi movie alien – with an aesthetic like creepy, distorted human babies.

Together with a handful of similar tales that emerged around the same time, big-headed alien beings were quickly embraced by TV shows and films, according to Wade Roush, a science and technology writer and the author of the book Extraterrestrials. "And the standard depiction of aliens at that point became the little grey man," he says. "So, when Steven Spielberg came along and made probably what are the two most influential movies about aliens – Close Encounters of the Third Kind [1977], and ET the Extra-Terrestrial [1982] – the aliens and those movies were both basically variations on the 1950s and 1960s little green or little grey man image."

But what were depictions of extraterrestrials like before this collective tuning of the public imagination? And what has influenced the way we view them? Generations before, the aliens of early science fiction were considerably more fantastical – bloodcurdling octopus-beings, intelligent swarms of insect-creatures and monstrous reptiles.

![image](https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0gmsy1k.webp)The Shapes, from Les Xipéhuz (1888) are sophisticated geometric organisms with a complex language and even an education system (Credit: Emmanuel Lafont)

## A radical shift

In 1887 – before the invention of sliced bread, ice lollies or even the word "teenager" – the science fiction author Joseph Henri Honoré Boex set pen to paper in his Brussels office and imagined up Les Xipéhuz.

The book is set on Earth, a thousand years before the ancient Mesopotamian cities of Nineveh and Babylon were founded, and begins with a dream-like encounter in a forest clearing. A nomadic tribe of people are looking for somewhere to rest one night, but instead they stumble upon "Les Xipéhuz", translated as "The Shapes".

The bizarre, geometric creatures resembled "bluish, transparent cones" with their point facing upwards. Each was around half the size of a human, with some stripey markings and "a dazzling star near its base like the sun at midday". The creatures are considered among the first non-humanoid aliens in science fiction, within a cautionary tale that shows how devastating first contact can be with an unfamiliar "other". After many battles, (spoiler alert), it becomes clear that there's no room for diplomacy. Even the way the Shapes communicate, by tracing symbols on each other's bodies using the rays of their stars, is alien. In the end, they are exterminated.

As it happens, the timing of this story is no accident.

![image](https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0gmsx14.webp)The green men of Thark, from the novel A Princess of Mars (1912), have six limbs and a reptilian look (Credit: Emmanuel Lafont)

## A dull beginning

Humanity has been contemplating the possibility of life on other planets for thousands of years. After an intensive, career-spanning observation of the skies, around 450 BC the ancient Greek philosopher Anaxagoras tentatively suggested that the Moon might not be a god, as was widely believed, but a rock like the Earth. In fact, he supposed, it might even contain life.

Anaxagoras was promptly sentenced to death for his insubordination – but the idea that there might be other celestial bodies like our own planet persisted. Decades later, the philosopher Democritus came to a similar conclusion after theorising that matter in the Universe might be made of tiny particles called atoms. "And that led to speculation that, you know, if there were an infinite number of atoms, then maybe there were an infinite number of other planets," says Roush.

But though speculation about life on other worlds is ancient, the extraterrestrials of these early musings were not like the imaginative creations found in books and on television today. "When people thought about aliens, I'm afraid they pretty much assumed that if there were aliens, they would look just like us, right? That intelligent, sentient animals would basically be humans," says Roush.

After all, at the time, what else could you expect? Roush explains that no one had really contemplated where humans came from or how we are related to other species – so there wasn't much scope for imagining rational beings beyond ourselves. "You see that reflected to some extent, even in religious symbology and mythology," he says. From the ancient Egyptian deity Hathor to the Roman goddess Minerva, most religious entities had at least some human characteristics.

![image](https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0gmsxwl.webp)The Star Maker, from the 1937 book of the same name, is a sentient, god-like star who created the universe (Credit: Emmanuel Lafont)

But this all changed in 1859, when a leaf-green book with gold lettering first appeared on the shelves of intellectuals around the world. This was Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection – and its impact on science fiction was as great as its influence on biology. "Then I think that our imaginations about the form that aliens might take started to range much more broadly," says Roush.

## A peculiar menagerie

First there were the geometric creatures in Les Xipéhuz. But these were soon followed by a diversity of strange lifeforms to rival those on Earth itself. By the time The War of the Worlds was published in 1898, aliens were beginning to get truly monstrous. In this novel, H G Wells introduced readers to Martians – creatures consisting of a giant disembodied head with a beak-like mouth surrounded by tentacles. They reproduced asexually, and survived on a diet of fresh human blood which they extracted with pipettes – then injected into their bodies.

![image](https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0gmsxhg.webp)
In First Men on the Moon (1901), Selenites are upright, four-legged creatures with jointed limbs and a strong resemblance to insects (Credit: Emmanuel Lafont)

"They're a little bit like insects, they're a little bit like octopuses, a little bit like crabs. And so you get sort of very creepy, non-human shaped aliens starting in the 19th Century. Because people have finally kind of stumbled on the idea that evolution is a thing, and that it might take very different directions [elsewhere in the universe] than on our planet," says Roush.

Over the following decades, this menagerie of science-fiction aliens continued to flourish in literature. There were the insect-like Selenites of First Men in the Moon (1901), the flamingo-like Tweel in A Martian Odyssey (1934) – complete with a kind of strange beaky trunk – and even a bewilderingly dazzling sentient star in Star Maker (1937).

![image](https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0gmt1vp.webp)
In A Martian Odyssey (1934), the alien Tweel is like a plucked flamingo with its brain in its body – and humans are its friends (Credit: Emmanuel Lafont)

Our ideas about aliens were transformed again by the rise of Hollywood in the 20th Century, leading to on-screen extraterrestrials that were eerily human-like.

"I think the main reason for that actually is it's easier to just put a costume on a human than to come up with some really, very evolutionarily distant depiction – it's much easier to put a man in an alien suit, and have him walk around on his two legs with his two arms than it is to dream up some kind of, half-squid, half-insect," says Roush. And so, with inspiration from people like the Hills, aliens that walked on two legs and occupied an uncanny valley between humanity and something "other", became the standard. "Even on shows like Star Trek, right, almost all the aliens are humanoid, and it's clearly for budgetary reasons," says Roush.

However, in recent decades, new technologies have transformed what is possible. With computer-generated imagery from ever-more powerful processors – and now the advent of artificial intelligence – Roush thinks things have started to take a turn for the bizarre again. One example is the film Arrival, in which Earth is visited by ultra-sentient, space-faring aliens with seven legs: Heptapods. "With these amazing appendages that can squirt ink in order to communicate, they're really quite different," he says. "We can just make up 3D monsters and aliens that may never exist physically."

Who knows what science fiction will dream up next – it might even be weirder than what we actually find on other planets…

By：Zaria Gorvett
Link：https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20231019-the-weird-aliens-of-early-science-fiction

The weird aliens of early science fiction

Humanity's ideas about aliens have been evolving for millennia – but in the era before television, they were considerably stranger.


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We've been searching the heavens for some time now. But despite decades of listening for tell-tale radio signals and hunting for signs that other worlds might be even vaguely habitable, it's been slim pickings so far. While astronomers have identified a few possible candidates for where life might conceivably exist elsewhere in the Universe, along with the odd mysterious signal, there is yet to be any concrete evidence of alien life out there.

But what if there was? And what if they were looking back, trying to find us? Would they know there is life on Earth?

That's a question scientists have had to grapple with in recent years, as we continue to inadvertently broadcast our presence out into the galaxy. "Hold the mirror up to yourself in space, and what would they see of us?" says Jacqueline Faherty, an astrophysicist at the American Museum of Natural History in the US. "We're looking. That means other worlds might be looking too."

To date, we have found more than 5,500 planets orbiting other stars in our galaxy, called exoplanets. But such observations are in their infancy – trillions of worlds are likely scattered throughout the Milky Way. Upon some of these worlds we have started to hunt both for the chemical signatures in their atmospheres that might indicate biological activity and even technosignatures that might be emitted by intelligent life forms – radio signals either purposefully or accidentally sent in our direction.

Earth has been unabashedly broadcasting its own presence into the galaxy for about a century now. The most notable period was from 1900 up to World War Two, says Howard Isaacson, an astronomer at the University of California, Berkeley in the US, when our radio transmissions were stronger. "They needed to be more powerful because the radios that people listened to didn't have as sensitive receivers," he says.

We continue to broadcast radio signals today, from TV shows to satellite communications, but in a less detectable way. "Radio stations don't want to broadcast into space," says Thomas Beatty, an astronomer at the University of Wisconsin in the US. "They want to broadcast to the ground." Other more modern forms of communication, like mobile phone signals, are unlikely to be detectable.

![image](https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0gnjhl7.webp)
The light pollution produced by our cities is visible from the ISS, but is likely not widespread enough to attract the attention of distant alien astronomers (Credit: Nasa/JSC)

But not all of our signals are so faint. Across the Solar System we have multiple spacecraft exploring different locales such as Mars, Jupiter, and even the outer reaches of the Sun. The furthest of these, Nasa's Voyager 1 spacecraft, is 24 billion kilometres (15 billion miles) from Earth, requiring a powerful network of dishes on Earth known as the Deep Space Network to be communicated with.

In April, Isaacson calculated whether some of these transmissions, up to 20 kilowatts, might reach other stars as they wash over the remote spacecraft and continue their journey into space. He found four nearby stars and any accompanying planets would have already received the transmissions, with more than 1,000 stars likely to hear the signals by the year 2300. "The signal would definitely show up as artificial," says Isaacson. By 2031, the closest of the stars would have had enough time to receive the signals and send their own message back, perhaps an interesting target for future study.

But what if alien astronomers were more dedicated? They might try and observe our planet before receiving any such signals. If they can see our planet pass in front of our Sun, known as a transit, they could see sunlight passing through our atmosphere and pick out its different gases.

In 2021, Faherty found there were nearly 2,000 stars within 300 light-years of Earth that could potentially be able to see such a transit. "It's a good haul of worlds," she says.

The best indicator of life on Earth from such observations might be oxygen, nitrogen, and water vapour, says Paul Rimmer, an astrochemist at the University of Cambridge in the UK, which would "be an indication of a stable liquid ocean".

Nitrogen dioxide could also provide some clues that our planet was inhibited by an intelligent lifeform. The gas is "basically a byproduct of combustion", says Hector Socas-Navarro, an astrophysicist at the Institute of Astrophysics of the Canary Islands in Spain. "So they might deduce we are burning stuff here."

Chlorofluorocarbons from aerosols, refrigerants and other sources could also be a give-away sign of industrial activity on our planet. "We're pretty sure they can only be produced by technology," says Macy Huston, an astronomer at the University of California, Berkeley in the US. (Read more about how we might also be able to spot alien life from their pollution.)

> By 2150 urbanisation might have swelled by 10 times its current levels, and we might then shine like a beacon to modern telescopes

One of the most revealing technosignatures from Earth might not be our atmospheric pollutants or radio signals at all, however, but our city lights. In 2021, Beatty calculated that the sodium emitted from such lights could be detectable in a planet's atmosphere. "It has very sharp spectral features," says Beatty. "You'd never get that through a natural process."

Earth in its current form is likely not urbanised enough to be detectable in such a way, at least within the parameters of our own telescopes. Less than 1% of the Earth's surface is covered by cities. It's a long way from being an ecumenopolis – a planet-wide city, similar to the fictional world of Coruscant in the Star Wars films. If development continues at its current pace, however, by 2150 urbanisation might have swelled by 10 times its current levels, and we might then shine like a beacon to modern telescopes, says Beatty.

But alien civilisations with more advanced telescopes might already be able to spot us. "It's totally feasible that there's alien astronomers that have built a 100m (330ft) space telescope that could be seeing us right now," he says.

Even if alien astronomers had a smaller telescope that could only see the faint dot of our planet, they might still be able to work out it is inhabited. Knowing the tilt and rotation of Earth, the light emitted by our planet could be used to make a crude map of our surface, showing land, oceans, and even coastlines, according to Jonathan Jiang, an astrophysicist from Nasa's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in the US. "As long as you can see a point of light, you can analyse it," says Jiang, who used a spacecraft in our Solar System in 2018 to demonstrate the technique on Earth.

All of this raises the question of whether we really want to be so noticeable. "In movies we always get invaded," says Beatty.

In reality, scientists are more eager to make our presence known, occasionally even sending out purposeful messages into the Universe – such as a famous high-powered radio signal containing a simple pictorial on humanity sent by the now-defunct Arecibo radio telescope in Puerto Rico in 1974. "I'm not really worried about Independence Day scenarios," says Beth Biller, an astronomer at the University of Edinburgh in the UK.

![image](https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0gnjjgj.webp)
Astronomers use radio telescopes to scan the sky for signals from space, but our own broadcasts could be picked up by similar equipment on other worlds (Credit: Getty Images)

As humanity continues to alter our planet, presuming we don't end our own existence first through war or other means, Earth is likely to become more and more noticeable. Socas-Navarro says that alien astronomers could even one day spot the cloud of satellites orbiting our planet. We would need to have "a billion times what we have now, which sounds like a lot," he says. "But we went from one car to over a billion cars in a few decades."

Perhaps, if we are eager to make first contact, we could do more to make ourselves noticed, such as broadcasts like the Arecibo message. So far, there have only been a handful of further attempts. "If it were just up to me, I'd be broadcasting our existence and hoping someone would answer," says Rimmer. "But that's just my opinion. This is a decision that I think should be made globally."

If the public were in favour, one idea could be to build huge structures in space, says Beatty, such as a large planet-sized triangle or square made of a thin material that would be obviously artificial to alien astronomers. "That would be the main way to get noticed, if we wanted to," he says.

For the time being, signs of our existence are more modest, but still detectable. "They don't need miracles," says Seth Shostak, senior astronomer at the Seti Institute (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) in the US. "They just need the technology we have, but on a larger scale."

The real question we should ask: is anyone looking our way to notice?

Link：https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20231024-how-aliens-might-detect-our-existence-on-earth

How human activity might betray our existence to alien civilisations

Alien astronomers might be looking in our direction from distant planets. What would they see?


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By 2030, transportation and electricity around the world will be far greener than it is today, according to the latest forecast from the International Energy Agency. Imagine 10 times more electric vehicles on the road. Renewables make up half of the world’s electricity mix. Solar panels alone generate more electricity globally than the entire US power sector does today.

That’s the picture the International Energy Agency (IEA) paints in the World Energy Outlook it published today, which is based on governments’ current energy policies. The IEA was established to help safeguard global energy supplies after the 1970s oil crisis. Now, shoring up energy systems means bringing renewables online to prevent more extreme climate change — especially as climate-fueled disasters like heatwaves and storms increasingly threaten power grids across the world.

“The transition to clean energy is happening worldwide and it’s unstoppable. It’s not a question of ‘if’, it’s just a matter of ‘how soon’ — and the sooner the better for all of us,” IEA executive director Fatih Birol said in a press release.

> “It’s not a question of ‘if,’ it’s just a matter of ‘how soon’”

With renewables now the cheapest power source, solar and wind energy are loosening fossil fuels’ grip on the global economy. Demand for coal, oil, and gas is expected to peak this decade, according to the IEA’s new Outlook. This is the first time the agency has predicted that outcome in reports assessing current policies. The IEA’s Outlook also shows that governments now plan to deploy around two-thirds more renewable energy by 2030 than they did this time last year, according to energy think tank Ember.

Cleaning up pollution from homes, buildings, and transportation will require electrifying everything from cars to heating and cooling systems. The IEA now expects electric heat pumps outselling fossil fuel boilers globally by the end of the decade. And it has already seen the adoption of electric vehicles accelerate, with EVs making up one in five cars sold this year compared to one in 25 in 2020.

That’s all welcome news for policymakers attempting to slash greenhouse gas emissions causing climate change. The Paris agreement commits nearly 200 countries to working together to limit global warming to around 1.5 degrees Celsius above the preindustrial era. It’s a goal that would prevent flooding, heatwaves, fires, and other climate-related catastrophes from growing much worse.

And yet, even with all the progress that’s been made so far, the transition to clean energy still needs to speed up to meet that goal, the IEA report says. To be successful, the IEA says countries need to triple renewable energy capacity globally and triple investments in clean energy in developing economies.

For now, the world is still on track to reach roughly 2.4 degrees of global warming this century. And the report points to a potential glut in fossil gas supplies even though that runs counter to global climate goals. There’s been a surge in new liquified natural gas (LNG) projects since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine sparked fears of gas shortages, and that could wind up adding the equivalent of nearly half of today’s total global LNG supply in added capacity by 2030.

Meanwhile, world leaders are set to convene in Dubai in December for a United Nations climate summit where a global deal to phase out fossil fuels could be on the table. “Nations must come together to secure agreement on a fast, fair phaseout of fossil fuels, alongside a massive ramp-up of renewable energy and energy efficiency,” Union of Concerned Scientists policy director and lead economist Rachel Cleetus said in an emailed statement.

By：Justine Calma,
Link：https://www.theverge.com/23930058/forecast-clean-renewable-unstoppable-international-energy-agency

Clean energy is officially ‘unstoppable’ now

The International Energy Agency says there’s no turning back in the global shift to clean energy.


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![image](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*UPG10XQUftVHSjfEkXtDVA.jpeg)
Generated content writer and content creator Prompt Engineer Taslema Akther Runu.

“Create a visually stunning and scientifically accurate digital illustration showcasing Jupiter’s newfound high-speed jet stream as discovered by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). The image should capture the grandeur and dynamic nature of Jupiter’s atmosphere, featuring the giant gas planet, its turbulent clouds, and the remarkable 3,000-mile-wide jet stream traveling at over 300 mph. Use vivid colors and intricate details to emphasize the scale and speed of this discovery. The image should also include elements that represent the technological prowess of the JWST, such as the telescope in orbit or its golden mirrors, to highlight the role of cutting-edge space exploration in unveiling the mysteries of our solar system.” -generated content writer and content creator Prompt Engineer Taslema Akther Runu.

![image](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*SK4gegm3v4uztQzwf2Pd9Q.jpeg)
Generated content writer and content creator Prompt Engineer Taslema Akther Runu.

Researchers using NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope’s NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) have discovered a high-speed jet stream sitting over Jupiter’s equator, above the main cloud decks. At a wavelength of 2.12 microns, which observes between altitudes of about 12–21 miles (20–35 kilometers) above Jupiter’s cloud tops, researchers spotted several wind shears, or areas where wind speeds change with height or with distance, which enabled them to track the jet. (Image credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Ricardo Hueso (UPV), Imke de Pater (UC Berkeley), Thierry Fouchet (Observatory of Paris), Leigh Fletcher (University of Leicester), Michael H. Wong (UC Berkeley), Joseph DePasquale (STScI))- generated content writer and content creator Prompt Engineer Taslema Akther Runu.

![image](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*GuoodhkP7UinUKi2oCdPDw.jpeg)
Generated content writer and content creator Prompt Engineer Taslema Akther Runu.

Researchers using NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope’s NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) have discovered a high-speed jet stream sitting over Jupiter’s equator, above the main cloud decks. At a wavelength of 2.12 microns, which observes between altitudes of about 12–21 miles (20–35 kilometers) above Jupiter’s cloud tops, researchers spotted several wind shears, or areas where wind speeds change with height or with distance, which enabled them to track the jet. (Image credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Ricardo Hueso (UPV), Imke de Pater (UC Berkeley), Thierry Fouchet (Observatory of Paris), Leigh Fletcher (University of Leicester), Michael H. Wong (UC Berkeley), Joseph DePasquale (STScI))- generated content writer and content creator Prompt Engineer Taslema Akther Runu.

## James Webb Space Telescope Spots Jet Stream on Jupiter Stronger Than a Category 5 Hurricane

![image](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*Zwo6QynJ-G6JqBMEScSnSQ.jpeg)
Generated content writer and content creator Prompt Engineer Taslema Akther Runu.

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has made headlines since its launch, promising to unveil the deepest mysteries of our universe. However, it has also been casting its gaze much closer to home, offering stunning new insights into our solar system. One of its recent discoveries is shedding light on a planet we thought we knew well: Jupiter.

Jupiter, the largest planet in our solar system, has always been a subject of fascination for astronomers. With its turbulent atmosphere, iconic Great Red Spot, and a retinue of moons, it’s no wonder that researchers continue to study it with renewed interest. Recently, the JWST captured images of Jupiter that have unveiled some previously unknown aspects of this gas giant.

In these images taken in 2022, a team of researchers led by Ricardo Hueso of the University of the Basque Country in Bilbao, Spain, stumbled upon something astonishing. There, in the swirling chaos of Jupiter’s atmosphere, they discovered a high-speed jet stream, unlike anything ever observed before. This jet stream measures over 3,000 miles (4,800 kilometers) in width and travels at a mind-boggling speed of around 320 mph (515 kph). To put this into perspective, it’s hurtling across Jupiter at roughly twice the speed of a Category 5 hurricane on Earth. This discovery has left scientists in awe.

![image](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*I5YGYOOcnfT8Ew5t3rs3IA.jpeg)
Generated content writer and content creator Prompt Engineer Taslema Akther Runu.

Hueso remarked, “That totally surprised us.” It’s a sentiment shared by many in the scientific community. Despite years of observing Jupiter’s clouds and winds from various observatories, the JWST has managed to uncover something entirely new.

Leigh Fletcher of the University of Leicester in the United Kingdom, a member of the research team, expressed her amazement, saying, “It’s amazing to me that, after years of tracking Jupiter’s clouds and winds from numerous observatories, we still have more to learn.”

So, what does this newfound jet stream mean for our understanding of Jupiter? This high-speed phenomenon, situated right above Jupiter’s equator, might hold the key to unraveling the planet’s turbulent atmosphere. The 2022 images, together with additional data, offer researchers a unique opportunity to decipher the complex dynamics occurring in Jupiter’s atmosphere.

![image](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*utx0sVzwoG6X8cjFWB169g.jpeg)
Generated content writer and content creator Prompt Engineer Taslema Akther Runu.

“What we have always seen as blurred hazes in Jupiter’s atmosphere now appear as crisp features that we can track along with the planet’s fast rotation,” Hueso remarked.

Jupiter is notorious for its extreme weather, with the Great Red Spot being a prime example of the planet’s unending and massive storm systems. To study these dynamic processes, scientists need to explore Jupiter’s layered atmosphere, similar to Earth’s. Different wind speeds in various layers of the atmosphere play a crucial role in the planet’s climate, contributing to its turbulent and unpredictable weather.

To gain a comprehensive understanding of Jupiter’s winds, Hueso and fellow researchers plan to compare the JWST’s infrared observations of high-altitude atmospheric layers, including the new jet stream, with data collected by the Hubble Space Telescope from deeper layers. This comparative analysis will provide a clearer picture of Jupiter’s atmospheric dynamics, especially the wild Jovian winds.

![image](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*Rshrn6Ld6DzPKBLDjvMn2w.jpeg)
Generated content writer and content creator Prompt Engineer Taslema Akther Runu.

Hubble, primarily operating in the visible and ultraviolet parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, has already offered valuable insights into the region around Jupiter’s equator. These insights serve as a baseline for understanding the data collected by the JWST.

“We knew the different wavelengths of Webb and Hubble would reveal the three-dimensional structure of storm clouds, but we were also able to use the timing of the data to see how rapidly storms develop,” noted Michael Wong of the University of California, Berkeley, who led the Hubble observations and contributed to the new study.

This comparative analysis will help researchers comprehend how wind speeds on Jupiter change with altitude and potentially generate “wind shears,” which are variations in wind speed over short distances. The newly discovered jet, located approximately 25 miles (40 kilometers) above Jupiter’s cloud tops, offers unique insights into the complex and repeatable pattern of winds and temperatures in the planet’s equatorial stratosphere. If this jet’s strength is linked to the oscillating stratospheric pattern, it may vary considerably over the next few years, offering an exciting avenue for further research.

![image](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*auS3fVRkbeEm3HjQF43d4A.jpeg)
Generated content writer and content creator Prompt Engineer Taslema Akther Runu.

As our understanding of Jupiter’s atmosphere deepens, thanks to the remarkable observations made by the JWST and the Hubble Space Telescope, the mysteries of this gas giant continue to captivate scientists. The recent discovery of a high-speed jet stream adds another layer of complexity to the intricate dance of winds and storms that define Jupiter’s unique personality in our solar system.

This research, published in the journal Nature Astronomy, paves the way for more exciting discoveries and insights into the enigmatic world of Jupiter, demonstrating that even with the most advanced technology, the universe can still surprise us with its hidden secrets.

By：Taslema Akther Runu from Bangladesh.Content writer
Link：https://medium.com/@taslemaaktherr/james-webb-space-telescope-spots-jet-stream-on-jupiter-stronger-than-a-category-5-hurricane-ae1ad5500976


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## I. Unearthing the Mars Dream: The Inception of a Cosmic Adventure
Ever since humans cast their gaze towards the stars, the dream of Mars colonization has been deeply embedded in our collective imagination. Picturesque landscapes painted in shades of red, alien terrains whispering ancient secrets — Mars beckons, and we, as a species, are irresistibly drawn to its allure. But venturing into the unknown and establishing a human settlement on Mars is no small feat. It demands innovation, courage, and above all, the powerful intervention of Artificial Intelligence (AI).

The fusion of human ingenuity and artificial intelligence is shaping up to be the catalyst that transforms Mars colonization from a distant dream into a tangible reality. Companies like SpaceX are leading the charge, envisioning a future where humans not only visit Mars but thrive on its surface. The role of AI in this cosmic adventure cannot be understated, as it presents solutions to challenges that are literally out of this world.

From autonomous robots performing vital tasks to intelligent systems ensuring the survival of astronauts, AI is weaving itself into every aspect of the Mars colonization narrative. It’s not just about getting to Mars, it’s about harnessing the power of AI to create a sustainable and flourishing Martian society.

## II. Autonomous Architects: Building Martian Habitats with AI
Imagine landing on Mars, and instead of the strenuous labor of building a habitat, you are greeted by a fully constructed, state-of-the-art living facility, built by AI-powered robots. This isn’t a scene from a science fiction novel, but a real possibility being explored by companies like AI SpaceFactory. Their 3D-printing autonomous robots are designed to use Martian resources, paving the way for sustainable living on the red planet.

Harnessing the capabilities of AI, these robots can construct habitats without human intervention, overcoming the limitations of human labor in hostile environments. It’s a game-changer for Mars colonization, allowing us to establish a foothold on the planet before the arrival of human settlers. And let’s not forget, the less we have to transport from Earth, the more feasible and economical Mars colonization becomes.

The beauty of incorporating AI in building Martian habitats lies in its adaptability and learning capabilities. These AI systems can learn from the Martian environment, adapt to unforeseen challenges, and ensure that the constructed habitats are not just livable, but thriving ecosystems for human life.

## III. Nurturing Life: AI-Driven Martian Agriculture
Sustaining human life on Mars requires more than just shelter — we need food. Enter the groundbreaking work of companies like Vertical Harvest, which are pioneering AI-driven hydroponic farming solutions. These solutions are designed to cultivate crops in controlled environments, making them ideal candidates for feeding Mars’ first settlers.

![image](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*Zf_m0b4rEncIBZShA92gvQ.png)
AI’s role in Martian agriculture is multifaceted. It monitors and adjusts environmental conditions, optimizes plant growth, and even predicts potential issues before they become detrimental. The application of AI in agriculture ensures that despite Mars’ inhospitable conditions, we can cultivate a diverse range of crops, paving the way for a self-sustaining human presence on the red planet.

The vision of enjoying a freshly harvested Martian salad may seem far-fetched, but with the continual advancements in AI, it’s a future that’s well within our grasp. Artificial intelligence is not just supporting life on Mars, it’s nurturing it, promising a future where Mars is not just a destination, but a home.

## IV. Safety in the Stars: AI as the Guardian of Martian Explorers
When it comes to Mars, the unknown is not a variable, it’s a constant. The unpredictable nature of a new planet demands a safeguard, and who better to serve as the guardian of Martian explorers than AI? Companies like Neuralink are delving into the possibilities of Brain-Machine Interfaces (BMI), aiming to enhance human capabilities and response times in unfamiliar terrains.

AI-powered wearable technologies are being developed to monitor the health and well-being of astronauts in real-time, alerting them to potential dangers and ensuring their safety as they explore the Martian landscapes. Imagine a suit that not only protects you from Mars’ harsh conditions but learns from your experiences, adapting and evolving to keep you safe.

The integration of AI in ensuring the safety of Mars explorers adds an extra layer of security and confidence. It’s like having a guardian angel, equipped with the latest tech, watching over you as you make history on the Martian surface.

## V. Final Thoughts: A Cosmic Symphony of Humans and AI
As we stand on the precipice of making history, Mars colonization represents more than just the human spirit of exploration. It symbolizes a cosmic symphony of humans and AI, working together to turn the pages of a new chapter in our interstellar story. The role of artificial intelligence in Mars colonization is not just significant — it’s indispensable.

The journey to Mars is fraught with challenges and unknowns, but with AI as our companion, we are not just reaching for the stars, we are embracing them. So, as we continue to dream of Mars, let’s remember that it’s not just about getting there. It’s about thriving, and with AI by our side, the red planet is not just a distant dream, but a future home.

By：Michael Zats
Link：https://medium.com/@michael.zats/how-ai-is-paving-the-way-for-mars-colonization-ff5bf47ef0ba

How AI is Paving the Way for Mars Colonization

Journeying through the Cosmos with Artificial Intelligence: A Tale of Technological Marvels and Martian Dreams