AI deepfake nudes are causing havoc in schools.

Several states have passed laws against spreading the nonconsensual fake nudes, but what happens next in schools varies depending on the state.
https://www.ocregister.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/OCR-L-AI-SCHOOLS-0412-01-1.jpg?w=1080


A year ago, “Crypto+AI” sounded like a game of “VC mad libs.” Now, as real-world applications begin to emerge, the idea makes much more sense. Jeff Wilser, who is hosting the AI Summit at Consensus 2024, offers a preview of the programming and reviews the decentralized AI state-of-play.
https://www.coindesk.com/resizer/AGf82chIVJnVkApfXYLmJFIXDhs=/1056x594/filters:quality(80):format(webp)/cloudfront-us-east-1.images.arcpublishing.com/coindesk/OQ4AVWUMN5FEFA2LQVUHHT2PHY.jpg


ETHSafari 2024: Powering Africa’s Web3 Revolution.
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/0*vjGWXjq8VSiT_Hyn


Franklin Templeton CEO says all ETFs and mutual funds will be on blockchain. She also warned that generative artificial intelligence was like the “kid that got an ‘F’ in math.”
https://www.esgtoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Franklin-Templeton.jpg


DeSci leverages blockchain technology to unlock a new era of equitable and accelerated innovation to redefine participation and ownership in science.
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Warren Buffett compares AI to nuclear weapons after seeing a deepfake of himself.
https://images.cointelegraph.com/cdn-cgi/image/format=auto,onerror=redirect,quality=90,width=717/https://s3.cointelegraph.com/uploads/2024-05/82eda295-5b42-4f8e-b768-65f99fc17352.jpg


Buenos Aires Targets Worldcoin With Eye Scanning Biometric Bill.

A bill that seeks to regulate the activities of companies that scan the eyes of their users, like Worldcoin, has been recently introduced in Buenos Aires. The law aims to protect the app users’ rights and help them to secure and determine the destination of the biometric data collected by these entities.
https://static.news.bitcoin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/2bc39a42-a038-4aff-adee-c9ca0774e05f.jpg


Amazing write-up by coingecko on DeSci, feat. projects like:
VitaDAO, ResearchHub, AthenaDAO, ValleyDAO, bio.xyz w/ discussions by vitalik.eth, Brian Armstrong, and CZ 🔶 BNB that add depth to the DeSci narrative.
https://assets.coingecko.com/coingecko/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/9046/content_image2.webp


Lovely chat over lunch in Bangkok with @erinmagennis (Magennis 🌻 DeSci) and her encyclopedic knowledge of the DeSci space.

Based on DeSci Thailand networks of researchers in local institutions and abroad, Magennis suggested four areas in which DeSci Thailand could be of service:
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GLh-1lOaQAAu5bx?format=jpg&name=4096x4096
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GLh-1lQbEAAr13q?format=jpg&name=4096x4096
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GLh-1lQbQAAdQ_F?format=jpg&name=4096x4096
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GLh_A9JbsAA2XWt?format=jpg&name=4096x4096


Happy halving everyone!

DeSci would not be possible if Bitcoin didn't exist, or if it failed to succeed, and just now we reached a very important milestone in Bitcoin's history.
https://ak2.rmbl.ws/s8/1/T/l/y/Q/TlyQo.qR4e-small-THIS-COULD-BE-BIG-DESCI-is-.jpg


DeSci Thailand first project is producing a guide to the Smart Visa (https://smart-visa.boi.go.th/smart/) for DeSci founders/researchers, augmented by an interview of @_Difint_ (Rod Mamin), founder of @LunCoSim (LunCo.eth), and Smart "S" Visa holder in the Aerospace category.
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GLis7KDbsAATazH?format=jpg&name=large


Lack of experimentation has stalled the debate on open peer review. Report by Tony Ross-Hellauer and Serge P.J.M. Horbach.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Open_Peer_Review.png


Why India needs to transition to DeSci, amidst a corrupt and broken academic system?

Delayed fellowships, low budgets, lack of support making PhD scholars lose interest. Most PhD scholars rely on Rs 8,000 non-NET fellowships or stipends, deal with resource shortage, discrimination.
https://cache.careers360.mobi/media/presets/860X430/article_images/2024/3/26/indian-research-scholars-fellowship-dst-ugc-net-featured-image.webp


A significant development today in the world of scholcomm and openaccess - gatesfoundation will be mandating preprint posting and ceasing to pay APCs for openaccess publication with effect from 1 Jan 2025.

Advancing Equity and Innovation in Research Publishing: Time for a New Era in the Open Access Movement?
https://public.bnbstatic.com/static/academy/uploads-original/9ed2e2f984554a159a0ee9344a564808.jpg


Blockchain has lost its decentralized spirit？
http://www.efnchina.com/uploadfile/2019/1212/20191212043430361.jpg


DeSci Kolkata - A Humble Beginning in The World of Education, Science & Research in India.
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This weekend, The DeSci Podcast released episode 31 with Seemay Chou , Co-Founder and CEO of ArcadiaScience.
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GJfc36LaQAARHQh?format=jpg&name=medium


This week, AthenaDAO held the inaugural ADSummit hosted at NovaSBE, and they will be publishing a case study on their work! They discussed science, ideas, collaborations, and roadmapped their work in women's health.
https://yakihonne.s3.ap-east-1.amazonaws.com/393c81195dd5d9c64ec9f157e3f35ea1004759e4722922dcdff56b1275e43710/files/1711299544137-YAKIHONNES3.jpg


🔥Vector space biosciences - Accelerating discovery, ResearchHub, AthenaDAO, JustOneGiantLab, CoopHive, ScieNFT et al.'s sponsor Decentralised Science (DeSci) London.
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GJTExbGXUAA0sHH?format=jpg&name=large


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Berlin DeSci Meetup.
The goal of the meetup is to create a space for people to collaborate and explore the potential of decentralized science to democratize access to scientific research and accelerate innovation.
https://images.lumacdn.com/cdn-cgi/image/format=auto,fit=cover,dpr=2,quality=75,width=620,height=310/event-covers/1n/7dc1a5f1-9819-45bc-8688-22b931502825


🕒 Over the last 1.5 years, VitaDao has been working on a comprehensive review of the current longevity biomarker landscape.
https://yakihonne.s3.ap-east-1.amazonaws.com/393c81195dd5d9c64ec9f157e3f35ea1004759e4722922dcdff56b1275e43710/files/1711010869087-YAKIHONNES3.jpg


🚀Blockchain Innovation Hub launched with great success during DeSci Rio 2024.
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GI_zqpsXMAAupih?format=jpg&name=900x900


The Future Of Science Seminar Series --- Anna Dreber

What share of results replicate in different literatures in some of the experimental social sciences? Anna discusses several large replication projects in psychology and economics, where she and her coauthors have redone experiments published in high-impact journals with new and larger samples to see whether the main result replicates.

The seminar also covers studies on forecasting prediction markets and surveys where researchers attempt to predict replication outcomes and outcomes of new hypothesis tests.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V-AYaVJec44


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IP-NFTs and Decentralized, Autonomous Science.
https://assets-global.website-files.com/5fcf3f3d3283226f94ef2d03/63a2defe62232183241ab863_Screenshot%202022-12-21%20at%2012.24.39-p-2000.png


🧐What Is Decentralized Science (DeSci)?
🌐Data Sharing and Collaboration
🦋Academic Publishing
🛜Research Funding
🏻Peer Review
https://pixelplex.io/wp-content/uploads/auto-resized/32792-1000x510.jpg


 Public Nouns👇
💚Introducing the first of our weekly spaces: Public Goods Saturdays!
📷 We'll be discussing everything GROWing on in the Public Goods ecosystem, every Saturday!
⏰We'll be LIVE 9AM PST, Noon EST, 4PM UTC
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GIyfV0rbkAAm8MD?format=jpg&name=small


DeSci London is a 2-day event focused on showcasing the potential of blockchain technology within science. Over the course of the two days, they will host talks and workshops focused on decentralised science (DeSci) projects aiming to improve everything from publishing infrastructure to longevity, rare diseases, climate tech & SynBio.
https://youtu.be/_-LTZOfMGrs
https://londonfuturists.files.wordpress.com/2024/03/desci-london-banner.png?w=1024


Does this written by AI? How is it possible that none of the authors AND reviewers missed this? Because too many journals have become alienating production lines?
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GIohsnRW8AAlh_w?format=jpg&name=medium


No agenda, feel free to join !
Mar social networking Space for DeSci communities in Asia is on 14 Mar. DeSciTokyo, DeSciIndia and DeSciAsia will connect and meet new friends.
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GII_WKwXsAADVRj?format=jpg&name=medium


Training great LLMs entirely from ground zero in the wilderness as a startup — Chief Scientist & Cofounder at Reka. Formerly Senior Research Scientist at Google Brain.
https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/636628d6a9d980577a9faf5b/f20b3700-1812-42a6-9b67-bb34da564352/Screenshot+2024-03-06+at+2.35.43+AM.png?format=1500w


Exploring Ageing Research Funding Opportunities with VitaDAO.
https://images.lumacdn.com/cdn-cgi/image/format=auto,fit=cover,dpr=2,quality=75,width=280,height=280/event-covers/aq/f6873727-66d5-459f-81da-9e561577ef67


DeSci Kolkata - The Foundations of Decentralized Science: What is the difference between modern science, open science and DeSci a presentation from DeSci Asia co-founder.


On Messari's conference: Builders share insights how crypto innovates science through new coordination and incentives.
https://yakihonne.s3.ap-east-1.amazonaws.com/393c81195dd5d9c64ec9f157e3f35ea1004759e4722922dcdff56b1275e43710/files/1709199917601-YAKIHONNES3.jpg


How to protect your DeSci project when operating with a decentralised governance structure.


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> 作者：王飞跃12，  丁文文2

> 作者机构：
1.中国科学院自动化研究所 复杂系统管理与控制国家重点实验室 北京 100190
2.澳门科技大学 创新工程学院 澳门 999078

*引用本文：
王飞跃, 丁文文. 分布式自主科学：科学多样可持续性发展的新范式[J]. 中国科学院院刊, 2023,38(10):1501-1509. DOI: 10.16418/j.issn.1000-3045.20230513001. CSTR: 32128.14.CASbulletin.20230513001.
Citation：
WANG Fei-Yue, DING Wenwen. Decentralized science (DeSci): A new paradigm for diverse and sustainable scientific development[J]. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2023,38(10):1501-1509. DOI: 10.16418/j.issn.1000-3045.20230513001. CSTR: 32128.14.CASbulletin.20230513001.*

## 摘要
人工智能驱动的科学（artificial intelligence for science， AI4S）的兴起，使得如何确保科学系统的公开性、公平性、公正性和多样可持续性变得尤为重要和迫切。这关系到各国在全球创新和产业革新中的话语权和领导地位，同时也影响人类命运共同体的安全、稳定与可持续发展。为了应对这些挑战，AI4S需要引入新的科学组织和运营方式。基于Web3和分布式自主组织与运营（DAOs）等智能技术之上的分布式自主科学（decentralized science，DeSci）与AI4S相辅相成，为AI4S提供强有力的支撑。DeSci可以有效解决现有科研体系中的信息孤岛、偏见、不公平分配和垄断等问题，进而促进多学科、跨学科和交叉学科合作。文章首先从理论层面对DeSci的基本概念、特征和框架进行界定，其次分析DeSci的研究现状与应用现状，最后探讨和总结DeSci对于科学系统进一步发展的启示与意义。
## Abstract
The rise of artificial intelligence for science (AI4S) has made it particularly important and urgent to ensure the openness, fairness, impartiality, diversity, and sustainability of scientific systems. This is significant to the discourse power and leadership of countries in global innovation and industrial revolution, and also affects the security, stability, and sustainable development of a community with a shared future for mankind. To address these challenges, AI4S needs to adopt new scientific organizational and operational methods. Decentralized science (DeSci) has emerged to vitalize AI4S and provide strong support, effectively addressing issues such as information silos, biases, unfair distribution, and monopolies in existing research systems, and promoting multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, and transdisciplinary cooperation in science. This study defines the basic concepts, characteristics, and framework of DeSci, analyzes its current research and application status, and explores the implications and significance of DeSci for the further development of the scientific systems.

## 关键词
[智能科学](https://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6); [分布式自主科学](https://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E5%BC%8F%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%BB%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6); [分布式自主组织](https://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E5%BC%8F%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%BB%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87); [人工智能驱动的科学](https://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E9%A9%B1%E5%8A%A8%E7%9A%84%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6); [生成式人工智能](https://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E5%BC%8F%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD); [ChatGPT](https://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=ChatGPT)

## Keywords
[intelligent science](https://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=intelligent%20science); [decentralized science (DeSci)](https://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=decentralized%20science%20(DeSci)); [decentralized autonomous organizations and operations (DAOs)](https://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=decentralized%20autonomous%20organizations%20and%20operations%20(DAOs)); [artificial intelligence for science (AI4S)](https://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=artificial%20intelligence%20for%20science%20(AI4S)); [generative artificial intelligence (GAI)](https://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=generative%20artificial%20intelligence%20(GAI)); [ChatGPT](https://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=ChatGPT)

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生成式人工智能（generative artificial intelligence，GAI；AI generated contents，AIGC）系统ChatGPT的问世，标志着人类社会已经开启新的研究范式，即人工智能驱动的科学（artificial intelligence for science，AI4S）与想象智能（imaginative intelligence）的研究时代。人工智能（AI）被广泛应用于文献分析、实验设计、作品展示、知识创作、知识审查，以及编辑出版等领域，极大地提高了科学研究的效率和质量[1,2]。如今，AI4S成为各国在新一轮科技革命和智能产业变革背景中的核心技术和关键筹码。

AI4S为科学系统带来了前所未有的变革和机遇，也不可避免地加剧了其不确定性、多样性和复杂性。现有科学系统（CeSci）主要基于自上而下的组织结构和制度构建，滞后于智能技术的发展及现实要求。具体表现为：一些项目资助中出现的偏见、低效、知识垄断对科学价值流动的阻碍，以及官僚式等级结构对科学的多样性和开放性的破坏等[3]。过去已有的一些努力试图解决这些问题。如开放科学、研发群体科学（SciTS）等尝试[4]，但收效甚微，这与其所处的时代背景及技术发展阶段相关。
以区块链为代表的Web3技术和分布式自主组织与运营（DAOs）的出现，促使科学系统的资源和注意力重新分配。科学系统以更加快速、高效的方式自下而上资助、组织、培训、规划、协调、调度、收集和分配供需活动，并管理基于网络空间的社区科技资源。这类技术的应用，有望消除研究偏见、信息孤岛及知识垄断等问题，从而将科学价值与所有权归还于知识生产者，并实现科学的多样可持续发展。分布式自主科学（decentralized science，DeSci）是随着Web3技术和DAOs的基础设施的逐渐完善而发展起来的一种新的科学发展范式。DeSci旨在加强科学资助、开放知识、消除对追求利润中介机构的依赖、促进跨领域交流协作[5]。

目前，关于DeSci的研究与应用相对较少。截至2023年3月，尽管各种各样的DeSci组织已经在世界各大城市十分活跃，但可查询且正在运营的公开正式创业型DeSci项目仅约100个[6]。因此，DeSci被许多人误解为AI创业中一个非常初期且应用范围狭窄的赛道或科技生态中“参天大树下的林间灌木和草地”，只适应于“解决小问题、完成小任务”。事实上，回顾科技发展史，科学自诞生以来便以DeSci的形式存在，且与各行各业交织发展。AlphaGo、AlphaFold及时下的ChatGPT，从起步、组织、实施到完成都是货真价实的DeSci实质性成果，与CeSci并无关系。同时，作为新研究范式AI4S的组织和运营方式，DeSci和CeSci必须互相补充、相互促进，才能进而确保科学系统的公开、公平、公正、多样性和可持续发展。本文将从理论层面阐述DeSci的概念、特征及架构，分析DeSci的研究现状与应用现状，探讨和总结DeSci对于科学系统进一步发展的启示与意义。

## 1 DeSci的概念、特征及架构
### 1.1 概念与主要特征
DeSci是相对较新的术语，暂无统一的概念。常见的理解为：基于Web3和DAOs构建，使用智能合约、代币（可替代和不可替代）和开源金融工具，特别是去中心化金融（decentralized finance）将科学及科学服务开放化和市场化。如知识产权代币化、科学系统的民主集中治理、同行评审，以及数据或基础设施的访问权限[7]。这种定义是一种局限于Web3技术下的狭义视角；我们可以从更广义的视角来理解DeSci，即DeSci是一种通过智能数字技术融合自下而上与自上而下的决策与服务，是一种集资助、组织、培训、规划、协调、调度、收集、分配供需为一体的生态化科学活动。目前DeSci最大的应用领域是管理基于网络空间的社区科技资源。DeSci是对改进CeSci的集体愿景的呈现。通过智能技术有望使科研机构转变为具有更高效能的数字化组织机构，更好地履行科研职责并具有与人类价值观相一致的能力[8]。DeSci从多方面与现有的CeSci互补。DeSci的主要特征如下。

#### （1）公平。DeSci正在试图解决CeSci的资助偏见和第三方机构对知识与数据的垄断等问题。科学过程除了基于证据的研究之外，还受到各种人为因素的影响，如社会力量和个人动机。CeSci通常建立在特定的社会等级制度上，不可避免地存在身份、文化、种族、年龄、性别及研究议题的偏见。DeSci通过分布式技术协议和开放性参与权利，吸引边缘化的或排除在科学之外的群体，确保研究群体与议题的多样性、资助的公平性和知识使用的开放性。
#### （2）自由。DeSci主要通过社区自下而上的努力来解决特定问题。在科学活动的组织过程中，CeSci往往缺乏介入微观活动的能力。DeSci与CeSci互补，有效打破了CeSci对科学活动施加的认知约束以及激励偏见。这使得研究者能够专注于具体问题或研究课题，同时有强烈的动机开展跨学科交流和学科交叉合作。此外，DeSci将数据所有权和价值归还给用户，这将进一步促进数据的自由流动和使用。
#### （3）负责。可复制性和“科技作恶”是CeSci中的两大难题。前者与缺乏原始数据或数据捏造，以及分析方法越来越复杂和灵活有关，后者则源于科学技术成果的不当使用、滥用及违背社会伦理规范等原因。DeSci是由研究者、资助者、使用者共同组成的生态系统，通过代币化的经济机制激励研究者开放研究方法、代码和数据，这就使得科学研发过程更加透明，“作恶”成本更加高昂，从而降低不负责任的科学行为的产生。
#### （4）敏捷。高度优化的科学系统难以适应科学中的不确定性，以及应对不稳定性的挑战。DeSci依赖网络社区资源，采用自下而上的运营与治理模式，能够敏捷、高效地应对系统中的不确定性和不稳定性，一定程度上避免了系统为适应多变的环境而形成的自我保护泡沫和次优循环风险。

### 1.2 基本架构
CeSci和DeSci都以知识发现、管理和自动化为目标，但不同之处在于实现这一目标的手段和过程，具体体现在技术栈、组织结构、运营方式等方面（图1）。

![image](https://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=49042669&type=)
Figure 1  Reference framework for decentralized science (DeSci)

#### （1）智能技术。理想状态下，DeSci由数字人、生物人和机器人的共同协作实现。部分科学工作是由数字人引导生物人和机器人代替生物人完成的。要实现这一工作模式，数字孪生技术、元宇宙技术和Web3技术等起到关键支持作用。数字孪生技术：是DeSci的工程技术，从工程的角度出发，服务于科学系统的数字建模过程，同时与人工智能技术相结合，为构建科学系统的成员群体，尤其是虚拟生物人和机器人，在形态、行为和知识等方面提供技术支持。元宇宙技术：是基于DeSci的场景技术，从场景的角度出发，服务于DeSci功能实现过程，为DeSci构建了组织群体智慧与大规模生产力的场景。Web3技术：是服务于DeSci的网络技术，Web3技术的本质是技术与模式的综合创新，其从生态的角度出发，服务于科学系统的协作过程，实现虚实相生的环境。
#### （2）组织。DeSci以分布式自主的方式来组织劳动分工、分配资源、划分权责，构建科学社区共有所有权的组织结构。DeSci的组织层面：主要涉及组织形态与治理机制。DeSci的组织形态：可分为分布式多中心、分布式全中心和不对等中心等不同类型。具体表现形式包括基金会+DAO社区和基金会+DAO社区+公司等。这些不同类型的组织形态与DeSci的去中心化程度和应用场景有关。DeSci的治理机制：通常包括链下治理、链上治理、链下治理+链上治理等方式。链上治理是指决策规则被编写进协议，并且任何经过批准的决策都会自动添加进协议。这种治理方式使得去中心化社区能够通过在链上投票直接更新区块链，决策过程通过质押和交易在区块链上进行。链下治理是指决策过程在区块链之外进行，主要通过非正式讨论、改进提案流程或类似方式展开。链下治理具有决策快速和易于达成共识的优势。
#### （3）运营。自主的协调与执行是DeSci的核心。DeSci采用项目制任务分工协调，并建立了激励驱动的动态自治协调机制，以集体决策的方式在去信任的环境中管理和控制组织的决策过程。DeSci的协调层主要关注决策方法和激励机制。通过组合不同的激励手段和采用不同的激励机制设计，如通证、信誉和治理权力，DeSci能够更好地满足成员的外在和内在需求，从而激励他们更好地分工协作以实现组织目标。同时，DeSci利用智能合约的自动执行能力和智能算法的学习与优化能力，在无需人为干扰的情况下实时可靠地生成并实施面向特定问题的决策。执行层主要包括智能合约和智能算法，能够有效增强DeSci智能性。

## 2 DeSci的研究现状与应用现状
DeSci并不是一个全新的概念，不同的学术群体和组织曾提出过类似的观点。其源头是社会运动组织或社会运动群体（SMOs）[9]，近段时间就是人肉搜索、众包、动态网民群体组织（CMO或CeMOs）[10]、研发群体之科学（SciTS）[11,12]、开放化自治社会（DAS或DeSoc）[13]等。本节以区块链技术和智能合约技术等开放化应用技术为追溯源头分析DeSci的研究现状与应用现状。
### 2.1 研究现状
DeSci最早的思想雏形源于2016年联合国开发计划署（UNDP）和青岛智能产业技术研究院（QAII）发起利用SciTS和区块链、智能合约的AI4F2rS2计划。随着DAOs应用场景逐渐丰富，苏黎世联邦理工学院的博士后Martin Etzrodt于2018年从期刊如何解决同行评审及付费墙的角度首次提出DeSci概念。随后，Sarah Hamburg于2021年12月致信Nature期刊提出DeSci运动[4]。此时的DeSci处于提出与号召的阶段，暂无学术研究。

2020年，中国科学院自动化研究所与澳门科技大学联合组建了智能科学与系统联合实验室，该实验室研究领域主要集中于研究平行管理、平行经济与平行社会等，并获得澳门科学技术发展基金委的重点项目资助。2022年该实验室的DeSoc团队在已有的平行DAOs治理工具，即cad2CAS与casCAD2研究基础之上，发表“DAO to DeSci、DeSci研究框架和DeSci的元市场”等系列学术研究成果[8,14-16]，填补了DeSci在学术研究领域的空白。

此外，2022年3月21—30日，IEEE Intelligent Systems和IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles学术期刊，以及2022年9月召开的“IEEE智能交通系统国际会议2022”分别组织了多场DeSci相关的研讨会，旨在探讨DeSci面临的挑战及其对现有科研生态和未来科学活动，及其运营演变的影响。

目前，中国在DeSci领域的理论研究处于全球领先地位。但在DeSci的实践方面严重滞后于西方发达国家，特别是欧洲工业国家。2016年，中国科学院自动化研究所复杂系统管理与控制国家重点实验室的平行智能团队开始专注于区块链和智能合约的研究，并提出了平行区块链和可编程智能合约的研究框架和实现方法[17]。2019年，该团队还提出了DAOs的研究框架及其关键要素[18]。2020年，该团队提出DAOs的平行治理研究方法，并发布DAOs的平行治理系统cad2CAS与casCAD2[19]。2023年，为应对DAOs在实践中遇到的治理权力垄断、代币资源陷阱及决策惰性等问题，该团队进一步提出TAOs，即“真”自主的组织与运营（TRUE autonomous organizations and operations）。这些研究成果为各国在DeSci领域的研究奠定了理论基础。

### 2.2 应用现状
当前，DeSci的应用多集中在科研资助、知识共享以及科学系统的所有权与价值体系的探索。主要应用具体如下。
#### （1）资助。当前科研资助通常由特定的机构管理和分配。资助机构与被资助者所关注的视角以及知识存在差异，导致资助者的目标与社会最优资助水平不一致，某些研究领域经常被忽视。最为明显的现象是，近年来突破性研究出现的频率在降低，资助资金越来越倾向于资助成功率高、符合当前热点并具有高声誉的研究人员，十分不利于创新的多样性基础之培育。DeSci正在尝试通过DAOs技术和Web3技术，探索新的资助模型。典型的资助机制包括：二次方融资资助、可追溯性公共物品资助、知识产权的不可替代通证（IP-NFT）、资助DAO （Grants DAO）等。例如，DoraHacks作为典型的二次方融资资助平台，从2021年底，开始明确资助DeSci和前沿研究。IP-NFT则是一种利用分布式分类账技术（DLT）来管理知识产权（IP）所有权的新机制。这种模式已在生物技术领域成功应用，如长寿研究Vital DAO、迷幻药研究PhyDAO和计算生命科学研究社区Lab DAO等。Grants DAO是DeSci中最广泛的用例，Grants DAO可以根据DAO的目标设置开放化的资助机制，并在Environment DAO、Klima DAO等得到了成功的应用，有效地推动了环境的保护。开放化资助已经成为Web3重要的组成部分，也是DeSci中最早和相对成熟的实践。
#### （2）出版与同行评审。同行评审过程为科学成果提供了必要的质量控制，但在当前机制下，期刊出版机构并没有更优化的激励（包括报酬和声誉）评审专家为其提供高质量同行评审的方式。结构性问题导致2个不良循环：① 由于找不到愿意审查该工作的评审专家，潜在良好的研究延迟出版；② 找到了不匹配的评审专家，导致不良研究成果出版。基于以太坊的开放与隐私同行评审协议Ants Review正在尝试解决其中的部分问题。它允许作者在以太坊上发布公开的匿名同行评审奖励，第三方可以匿名提交评审意见，然后，这些评审意见由外部评审专家审查，根据外部评审专家的意见接受或拒绝评审意见，并按照评审意见的质量发放奖励。OpenAccess DAO正在致力于创建一个公共数据存储库和开放同行评审的平台，以使科学研究更加透明，以及成果可被公开访问；同时，OpenAccess DAO准备建立一个评审者声誉网络，该网络旨在鼓励评审者参与到开放的同行评审过程中来。
#### （3）数据访问及可复制性。数据可访问是复制研究结果的前提，有效的激励机制可以进一步促进重复研究。这需要一个不可篡改、可验证凭证的系统，允许受信任的各方安全地复制敏感数据，复现研究结果，甚至能让多方协作并向数据集添加新数据。基于Web3技术的数据解决方案支持上述场景，并为科学的开放提供基础。研究人员可以创建无需访问权限或费用的公共物品。例如：开放化气候数据协议dClimate提供开放的全球气候和天气数据访问。DeSci基金会正在试点通过资助以及特定的声誉来鼓励社区复制现有的科学结果。

## 3 启示与意义
在一个负责、公平、安全和合乎道德的科学系统上实现AI4S，是科学发展的基石[20,21]。DeSci在资助、数据开放和民主参与等方面有着独特的优势，但DeSci的发展也面临着探索应用场景、平衡科学社区参与质量及科学过程的问责机制等问题。DeSci的劣势恰恰是CeSci的优势。因此，构建一个科学资源民主化、科学研究多样化及更负责任的科学系统，需要DeSci和CeSci两方面共同努力和有效的合作。
#### （1）科学资源的民主化。AI4S对于科学资源的民主化是一把双刃剑。一方面，它使有限资源的研究组织和个人利用大语言模型能力快速解决复杂问题和展开科学研究；另一方面，其使用权、可用语料库等却可能加剧科研不平等，尤其是那些身处落后地区或处于边缘化的群体。解决负面问题，需要CeSci和DeSci共同采取一系列措施来推动科学资源的民主化和科学创新。例如，CeSci支持大预言模型的使用权；借用DeSci的资助力量，加大科研投入，特别是资助科研薄弱地区；充分发挥DeSci自下而上调动社区资源的能力，构建无边界科学，促进知识和技术的资源共享等。
#### （2）科学研究的多样化。AI4S的使用可能会加剧偏见和歧视的问题，因为AI的智能能力是基于大量学习语料库而得的。而算法程序、文本语料可能蕴含特定的价值形态，特别是在性别、种族、地域、文化等方面，这意味着训练出来的模型也存在偏见和歧视。再加之，输出结果和内容又可以根据个人的偏好进行调整，导致个人偏见得到进一步自我强化。在AI4S的背景之下，CeSci的特定目标导向性特征难以满足科学研究的多样性，但是可以通过制定相应的政策法规来构建DeSci与CeSci的合作桥梁，促进创新生态DeSci发展。借助DeSci的组织结构和运营手段来进一步促进研究群体与议题的多样性、资助的公平性，以及无国界的交叉学科、跨学科、多学科的交流与合作。
#### （3）更负责任的设计与合乎道德的使用。大语言模型的输入与输出过程是一个不透明的“黑箱”，不良算法设计、决策和行为可能会引发安全隐患及伦理冲突。为确保AI4S系统的可持续性发展，需要实施强有力的安全措施。① DeSci与CeSci共同推动算法标准开源，确保AI系统的设计和实现是可靠的。② 通过在DeSci社区建立审核机制来确保数据源的质量和多样性，从而消除AI系统可能存在的歧视性。③ 强化技术理性和算法伦理的教育培训，提高对AI技术的认识，了解如何更好地使用和设计AI系统，以确保其合道德和法律标准。④ 人工干预来监督AI系统的行为，并在必要时进行纠正。这些措施的实施离不开CeSci和DeSci的共同努力，只有CeSci和DeSci携手共进，才能建立更加负责和可持续的AI4S系统。

## 4 结论
在AI4S的科学范式中，确保科学系统的公正性、多样性是非常重要的，因为只有这样才能真正发挥科学研究的价值，并为智能科学的可持续发展奠定坚实的基础。随着人工智能大模型不断成熟、生成式人工智能发展愈发深入，DeSci将成为学术活动必不可少的形式，与CeSci共同应对未来科研的复杂性。CeSci、DeSci、AI4S互相补充、互相促进，也将形成一种新的科学范式——平行科学[22]。平行科学基于平行智能理论和技术，利用数字人、理论科学家和机器人工程师构建平行物理、平行化学、平行材料、平行生物、平行医学、平行经济、平行艺术、平行哲学等学科。平行科学的发展可以促进不同领域之间的交流和合作，加速科学研究成果转化过程，为智能产业和智慧社会的发展奠定基础，提供保障。

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分布式自主科学：科学多样可持续性发展的新范式


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Blockchain tech has long transcended its financial roots. While tokenomics nonetheless remains a key component in the wider ecosystem, integrations and partnerships with the public sector as well as projects decentralising science, gaming and music are proving to be rapidly growing industries. New DAOs and NFTs abound, but equally does news of yet another crypto collapse. How did we get here and where are we going?

![image](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*kDDpdP8BquvxZSnF_ib4Rg.jpeg)

## 2009–2023: A Brief History
The earliest adopters of blockchain tech were cypherpunks — cryptography and privacy-centric anarcholibertarians — and subscribers to the mailing list to which Satoshi Nakamoto shared his peer-to-peer electronic cash prototype Bitcoin in 2009. Mathematics and computer science geeks came next, some enhancing the usability of the nascent cryptocurrency, and others developing alternative blockchains, including smart-contract-enabled Ethereum and anonymous Monero. Crypto tech and philosophy spread to internet communities of technofuturists and young activist-minded professionals eager for transformative innovation that could facilitate their social, economic and political goals. This created an influx of creative talent to match the specialist technical expertise of earlier adopters.

Although each post-2013 crypto boom brought in new waves of fortune-seeking internet investors drawn in by the hype, this never really represented adoption. Likewise, institutional and retail investment in the years following largely understood cryptocurrencies as assets for speculation, arbitrage or appreciation as part of an otherwise traditional venture capital fund or bank portfolio.

Starting in the late 2010s, Web3 became the prevailing paradigm through which most blockchain-based projects understood themselves. Evangelists envision a more secure, transparent, and equitable internet that allows users greater control over their data, privacy, and digital identity. The peer-to-peer nature of blockchain tech removes the need for centralised intermediaries, making it the ideal infrastructure for this decentralised web. Tokenised assets and information represented on numerous blockchains would facilitate the functioning of the burgeoning ecosystem. Cryptocurrencies became the reserve of decentralised finance (DeFi).

Although the aforementioned parties remain key players in crypto, the numerous hacks and crashes in recent years scared off some retail and institutional investors, though this has mostly been limited to the financial sector. The recent crypto winter partly caused by the collapses of Terra Luna and FTX may have depressed market confidence, compounding this, but it has also demonstrated crypto’s resilience. As trust in Web3 has CeFi collapsed, crypto holders have begun to recognise the importance of self-custodian wallets and evaluating the opportunity costs of buying different tokens.

In spite of the crypto winter, some have prospered. Ethereum-based Layer-2 project Polygon has benefited from integrations with Instagram, Reddit and Starbucks, while finance blockchain Algorand’s partnerships with governments across six continents and the likes of FIFA holds promise for future commercial and public sector crypto adoption.
![image](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*nY_JzdhbU77nl7qDiGu2Zw.jpeg)

## Public Sector: CBDCs, Supply Chains & Digital Identities
Blockchain technology’s key public sector value proposition is its ability for tamper-proof, decentralised recordkeeping and trustless value transfer through smart contracts. Governments can benefit from more efficient, cost-effective and auditable economic management and service provision, while reducing bureaucracy, fraud, and money laundering. Blockchain-based central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) lay the foundation for easier grant disbursement and public goods funding, from international aid to unemployment benefits. Disintermediating these processes makes them more transparent as well as minimising fees and corruption.

One of the most successful governmental blockchain implementations has been in the management of international supply chains for resource procurement. Spanning countless transactions across numerous commercial entities, institutions and government agencies in many locations, it makes for the ideal use case. Conventional systems are opaque, unreliable and lack effective traceability, leading to errors, delays and fraud, and thus increased costs. The end-to-end transparency of blockchains alleviates a lot of these problems, while improving security, data accessibility, customs compliance, and accountability.

IBM, an early adopter of blockchain tech, now benefits from public sector partnerships tracking vaccine, defence and mail supply chains, among other applications. The relevant logistical and legal information documented by each actor at every point in the process is recorded in a smart contract, providing an immutable audit trail to all participants. Stakeholder disputes can then be resolved by querying the timestamped blockchain that was validated by all parties in real time. While blockchains benefit from compatibility with legacy systems, challenges do remain, including in the areas of data standardisation and IT systems integration.

Another key area of blockchain innovation has been in government identity management. Digitalisation pioneers Estonia and Sweden are leading on this front and offer an example to follow. Secure, blockchain-based, self-sovereign digital identities enable more effective entitlement management, efficient transaction of tokenised assets and information between citizens and institutions, and provide individual control over data privacy. This paves the way for the tokenisation of credentials, corporate, copyright & land registration, and elections, offering efficient, incorruptible ledgers of education/experience, ownership and voting. The implementation of such a large-scale initiative is nonetheless a monumental task for many states whose institutions still run on heavily outdated, fragmented architecture, especially when one-fifth of the world’s population lack a legally-recognised identity.

Governments need not implement digital identities to reap some of these benefits, however. Vocdoni utilises blockchain technology to offer open-source, end-to-end auditable, device-agnostic voting software with the capabilities for individual ballot validation, anonymity and scalability. This reduces costs and delays, better facilitates electoral participation via remote voting, and provides complete transparency, engendering government trust and legitimacy.
![image](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*ai7gVXv1wGz52kFClPAkmQ.jpeg)

## Overcoming DAObt
The emerging DAO ecosystem is another major development in the blockchain space. Decentralised Autonomous Organisations (DAOs) are digital entities for governing networks of stakeholders controlling a treasury, without a central authority. They aim to replicate the legal trappings of a traditional organisation using only cryptography for enforcement. Members coordinate through a set of self-executing rules deployed on a public blockchain, making decisions as a group by voting on proposals, modifying code and spending the entity’s funds.

Crypto-native Web3 projects, DAOs and initiatives include those decentralising finance (DeFi), video games (GameFi), social media (SocialFi), scientific research (DeSci), and social impact (DeSI). Some of the most successful include DeSI DAOs UkraineDAO and AssangeDAO, DeSci DAO Molecule; and open-source development fund Gitcoin.

From professional to gaming guilds, DAOs are facilitating digital coordination everywhere. Research DAO Water & Music’s ‘The state of music DAOs’ identified over 30 online creator community ‘DAOs’, surveying more than half of them on their relationship with the concept. Perspectives greatly differed — many envisioned it more as an abstract social signal for community mobilisation rather than an engagement with the blockchain infrastructure to which it owes its name. Bridging the varying technical, financial and social DAO definitions at the heart of this semantic disjuncture is vital for the tangible benefits of the technology to be realised. Public goods initiatives like peer-to-peer Web3 learning programme Kernel are making headway towards this goal.
![image](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*d1iZzRKqrB5E-uqMnB6_LA.jpeg)

## DeSci Takes on Big Pharma: Molecule
The DeSci sector is using DAOs and other decentralised Web3 tech to make scientific research more accessible, transparent, and efficient, with the goal of creating a more open and trustworthy scientific ecosystem. DAOs fund open-source research and promote collaboration, enabling researchers to easily generate, share and verify data and findings, and removing the need for gatekeepers, intermediaries and centralised bodies.

Molecule is democratising biopharma R&D by building a decentralised biotech protocol connecting life science research to funding; a web3 marketplace for intellectual property (IP)-NFTs; and a framework for DeSci DAOs. Researchers, investors and patients collaborate to expedite the creation of novel therapeutics by turning intellectual property and its development into a liquid and easily investable asset, directly owned and governed by stakeholders. Molecule has more than 250 research projects listed across the 6 bioscience DAOs in its network, with funds in excess of $10 million, and a 10,000 strong community membership.

Notable open research organisations in the network include LabDAO and PsyDAO. LabDAO is an international community of interdisciplinary scientists offering access to over 3000 contract wet-labs, distributed computing infrastructure, 1PB of cloud storage, and highly specialised tools for computational life science research. More than 1000 early-career scientists from universities including Cambridge, Stanford and MIT are working through the organisation on rainforest monitoring, supporting marine biodiversity, and accelerating science with open knowledge graphs, peer reviewed papers, open-source tools, and startups. PsyDAO is funding and producing un-monopolisable, open-source psychedelic research using IP-NFTs for free exchange, collective ownership and responsible management. Members vote to allocate funding to the studies and research they believe most relevant, choose which data is shared, and govern how the results of these studies go to market.

The success of the DeSci model bodes well for the future of blockchain tech and stands as a strong bulwark against mainstream denunciations of all blockchain advocates as degenerative, anarchocapitalist ‘crypto bros’ obsessed with speculative, wealth creation.
![image](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*ScphtoMNTJDexDSREFc7zw.jpeg)

## Play-to-Earn with GameFi: Yuga Labs
The rapidly developing importance of NFTs as a means of Web3 asset tokenisation has been and will continue to be another key dynamic in blockchain adoption. Recent years have witnessed NFT-based play-to-earn games like Axie Infinity achieve genuine adoption in the Global South, particularly in Venezuela and the Philippines, markets previously largely untouched by the space. Stories abound of people in poverty who were able to develop significant income streams from the platform, however, boring gameplay and poor tokenomics saw the game’s playerbase fall off last year.

Nonetheless, startup Yuga Labs bucked the bullish trend, raising a $450 million seed round from the likes of Google, Samsung and Adidas. The combination of Yuga’s sizable treasury and ownership of the Bored Ape Yacht Club, CryptoPunks and Meebits art NFT brands has given them a dominant share in their market. Its Otherside metaverse MMORPG, set for a 2023 launch, is sure to bring serious attention and adoption to the broader GameFi ecosystem, which saw sustained growth throughout 2022.

Video games have long been a great opportunity for blockchain tech, with their in-game currencies, internal item economies, and large communities of players, modders and artists. Given that gaming transactions now account for the majority of blockchain transactions, the gaming sector is sure to be the main driver of crypto adoption over the next 18 months. Many hyped projects with poor tokenomics will not survive, but with institutional money behind them, Yuga is likely to weather the crypto winter and retain a privileged position in the future industry. As projects grow to maturity and truly retail-facing products hit the public in the next few years, the value proposition of GameFi will greatly increase. The first steps towards global adoption have already been made. Global adoption will likely be on the horizon by 2025.
![image](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*9HDB5CMT2TszGvNkGOoM3w.jpeg)

## Decentralising the Music Industry: Royal
The creative industry, in particular music, is a further dimension of blockchain innovation. PwC’s ‘Blockchain: Recording the music industry’ report highlights the ways in which the technology could upend the conventional rights and royalties value chain. The current outdated system is disjointed, slow and often inaccurate, and artist-label relationships are notoriously fraught and unfair. While profit-driven major labels report record profits, 82% of artists make almost no money from streaming, and songwriters fight to be credited. Employing blockchain tech distributes this data across a network while maintaining a single version of the truth, so any entity can monitor and validate transactions in near real time, providing transparency and assuring trust.

Simplifying the cross-territorial management of rights and royalties, irrespective of national legal specifics, is another benefit. Molecule’s pioneering model of IP-NFTs holds great promise on this front. This would better ensure industry actors are compensated promptly and accurately, saving writers, performers, publishers and other actors billions in lost revenues, delayed payments and legal costs. However, PwC points out the high-stakes of completely devolving transactions to a blockchain as well as the need for standardised practices, cross-industry participation, and establishing trust in the technology.

One project, Royal, is disintermediating the music publication process by bypassing labels, and selling rights and royalties directly to fans, allowing artists to keep 80%. They attach their music to a chosen number of ‘official edition’ limited digital asset (LDA) NFTs, each entitling the holder to a share of the royalties it generates. These are then sold, providing liquid cash to the artist as well as the possibility of future returns for fans, with ownership being tracked on a blockchain.

As with cryptocurrency evangelists, aficionados and investors are thus incentivised to engage in underground artist discovery, and stans to promote their favourite artists, as they can benefit financially from their success. This new music asset class reinvents the idea of the collection. Meanwhile, musicians maintain their independence, sidestepping the label/radio opinion filter and allowing them to explore creatively. A social following becomes the only barrier to entry, enabling many more to live off their own revenues.

In the last two years, Royal has distributed $100,000+ in streaming royalties to collectors on releases by Nas, Diplo, and the Chainsmokers, among many others. Its novel combination of creativity, community and economics is sure to generate further buzz and adoption in years to come as more artists and investors join the platform.
![image](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*RMu3dQJt1SVtn5rwq3eBGQ.jpeg)

## Conclusion
From digital identities to DAOs, blockchain technology continues to be at the forefront of innovation, both in the digital domain and the real world. It has barely fulfilled its potential scope, which spans the entirety of human coordination and governance. This report has offered a brief history of crypto adoption and an overview of the state of blockchain in 2023, with a focus on integrations with the public sector, and crypto-native Web3 projects and DAOs in the DeSci, GameFi and decentralised music ecosystems. These communities, initiatives and implementations will undoubtedly be instrumental in bringing blockchain to the masses, although not in isolation. The future of blockchain will be heterogeneous and multi-faceted. That is a surety.

By：Charlie McCombie
Link：https://medium.com/@charliemccombie/the-state-of-blockchain-32d96c5e9b07


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## Centralised Science
In centralised science, a very small number of organisations or individuals have a disproportionate amount of resources, influence, and control over the path that scientific research takes and how it is carried out. This can result in a lack of diversity in the perspectives and ideas that are being explored, as well as a concentration of power and resources in particular fields or areas of research. [Cause and effect] In addition, the centralisation of science can make it more challenging for researchers working outside of the dominant institutions or groups to gain access to money, resources, and opportunities to publish their findings. This can lead to a lack of innovation and advancement in some areas of research, as well as a lack of representation and opportunities for underrepresented groups in the scientific community. This can also contribute to a lack of diversity within the scientific community.

![image](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*yQ1S4xyoitZgM5MrDoMCHQ.png)
Society if decentralized science was the status quo.

The following are a few examples of how asymmetry might reveal itself in centralised scientific research:

- Bias in financing: The majority of funding for scientific research is typically controlled by a very limited number of significant funding agencies and philanthropic groups. This can result in a bias towards funding research in certain fields or areas that align with the priorities of these funding sources, at the expense of other fields or areas that may be less well-funded. This can lead to a bias towards funding research in certain fields or areas that align with the priorities of these funding sources. For instance, a huge pharmaceutical firm may only support research into diseases that impact their target population, while ignoring research into diseases that affect groups that are already at a disadvantage.

- Publication bias: A limited number of famous journals have a tendency to control the publication of scientific findings. This can lead to publication bias. This can result in a bias towards publishing research that agrees with the predominate paradigms and ideas in a field, while ignoring or rejecting research that challenges or contradicts these predominate ideas. This can lead to a bias towards publishing research that conforms to the dominant paradigms and ideas in a field. This can also result in a preference for publishing research conducted by well-known institutions or academics, while ignoring or rejecting research conducted by groups that are less well-known or are underrepresented in the field.

- Lack of diversity and representation: Centralized science can lead to a lack of representation and opportunities for underrepresented groups in the scientific community. These groups include women, people of colour, and individuals from low-income backgrounds. Centralized science can also lead to a lack of diversity in the scientific community. This can result in a lack of diversity in the viewpoints and ideas that are being researched, as well as a lack of role models and mentors for persons who identify with these groups.

- Lack of innovation: Centralized science can lead to a lack of innovation and advancement in particular areas of science, because researchers from dominating institutions or groups may not be exposed to new ideas and viewpoints from academics working in fields that are not directly related to their own. This can also result in researchers from underrepresented groups having fewer opportunity to contribute to the scientific community and produce new discoveries.

-----------

## Decentralised science
A method for carrying out scientific research known as “decentralised science” is an approach that works towards the goal of more evenly distributing power, resources, and opportunities among a wide variety of different individuals and institutions. The following is a list of the several ways in which decentralised science might assist in resolving the problems of asymmetry and prejudice that are prevalent in centralised science:

- Funding diversity: Decentralized science has the potential to promote diversity in funding by distributing funding opportunities and resources more widely among a variety of institutions and researchers. This is in contrast to the traditional method of relying on a small number of major funding sources. This can help to ensure that a larger variety of scientific research is supported, including research in topics or areas that may be neglected by centralised funding sources. This can be an effective way to ensuring that a wider range of scientific research is funded.

![image](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*i3Sg3mrqxlPFD7nwuPOzsw.png)
DeSci.

- Publication diversity: Decentralized science can foster diversity in publication by supporting a greater range of journals and publications, as opposed to relying on a small number of famous journals. This is known as “diversity in publication.” This can help to ensure that a larger variety of scientific research is published, including research that challenges or contradicts the predominate beliefs and paradigms in the field.

- Representation and Inclusion: Decentralized science can promote representation and inclusion by providing opportunities and resources for underrepresented groups in the scientific community, such as women, people of colour, and individuals who come from low-income backgrounds. Examples of these groups include: women, people of colour, and individuals who come from low-income backgrounds. This can help to ensure that a larger variety of perspectives and ideas are represented in scientific research, as well as that there are more role models and mentors for persons who are a part of these groups.

- Better Innovation: Decentralized science has the potential to foster innovation by allowing researchers from a more diverse variety of institutions and backgrounds the opportunity to contribute to the scientific community and generate new discoveries. This can help to ensure that fresh concepts and points of view are integrated into scientific research and that progress is made in a wider variety of fields and areas of study.

It is important to note that decentralisation in science does not necessarily mean that a single central authority is replaced by multiple smaller authorities. Instead, decentralisation in science means that the decision-making process, the allocation of funding and resources, and the prioritisation of research become more distributed and less centralised. In this approach, new players and points of view can be integrated into the scientific activity, which will help to cultivate a scientific community that is more open-minded and inclusive.

There are various advancements now taking place in the field of decentralised science that aim to solve the problems of asymmetry and prejudice that are prevalent in centralised science. The following are some examples:

- Citizen science: The term “citizen science” refers to a sort of “decentralised science” that incorporates the involvement of members of the general public in various aspects of scientific investigation. This can serve to ensuring that a larger variety of perspectives and ideas are reflected in scientific research, as well as that persons from underrepresented groups have more opportunity to contribute to the scientific community. Zooniverse and Foldit are two examples of citizen science projects. Zooniverse allows individuals from all over the world to participate to research by categorising photographs of the universe, and Foldit is a game that allows players to assist in the design of proteins.

- Distributed Research Networks: Distributed research networks are a form of decentralised science that involve the participation of a diverse range of academic institutions and individual researchers in the conduct of scientific research. This can help to ensure that a greater variety of scientific research is carried out and that there are more opportunities for scientists who come from groups that are underrepresented in the scientific community to contribute. The Human Cell Atlas and the Human Microbiome Project are two examples of distributed research networks. The Human Cell Atlas is an international effort to create a comprehensive map of all human cells. The Human Microbiome Project is an effort to understand the role that microbes play in human health.

- Blockchain technology: Blockchain technology is being used to assist decentralised science by providing a secure and transparent means to collect and exchange data and research results. This is being done through the usage of the Blockchain technology. This can help to ensure that the data are accessible and reused, as well as that the outcomes of the research are trustworthy and transparent. Ocean Protocol, which is a platform for sharing and monetizing data, and the Decentralized AI Alliance, which is an organisation that aims to promote the use of decentralised artificial intelligence, are two examples of projects that use blockchain technology for decentralised science. Both of these examples are platforms.

- Community Science: This is a form of decentralised science that involves communities of individuals from a certain location or with a particular interest in a scientific subject, who gather together to collect data and do research. Community science is also known as citizen science. This can make it more likely that research will be carried out in a manner that is relevant to the community and that there will be more possibilities for members of the community to contribute to the scientific community. Bird-watching projects that engage communities in the monitoring of migrating bird populations are two examples of community science projects. Other examples include citizen-led monitoring of water quality in rural areas and citizen-led monitoring of water quality in urban areas.

There are many more initiatives and projects that are striving to solve the challenges of asymmetry and prejudice in centralised science in a variety of different ways. These are only a few examples of the current developments in decentralised science. Although the decentralisation of science is still in its infancy, and there are many obstacles that still need to be overcome, this strategy shows promise as a means to boost scientific enterprise involvement, inclusivity, and diversity.

-----------

## Case Study — Insulin
Insulin is a hormone that controls the amount of sugar that is circulating in the blood and is necessary for the survival of diabetics. It is a well-known example of how centralised research may lead to concerns of asymmetry and bias, and it illustrates how the discovery and development of insulin as a therapy for diabetes was accomplished. The following is a list of some of the ways that decentralised science could have assisted in addressing these issues:

- Insulin monopoly: Frederick Banting and Charles Best’s discovery of insulin in the 1920s led to the establishment of a centralised monopoly on the production and distribution of insulin. This occurred shortly after the discovery of insulin. Insulin was priced so high as a result of this monopoly that it was out of reach for a significant portion of the diabetic population. A more decentralised method of discovering and developing insulin, in which different institutions and researchers were engaged, would have resulted in a larger spread of insulin manufacturing and, as a consequence, lower prices.

- Lack of diversity in reserach: A limited number of researchers at the University of Toronto were responsible for the discovery of insulin. This study was undertaken in an environment that lacked diversity. A decentralised approach to the discovery and development of insulin, in which participation from a number of different institutions and researchers was encouraged, might have resulted in the consideration of a wider variety of perspectives and ideas, which would have ultimately led to the development of a treatment method that is more inclusive.

- Lack of community participation: Insulin was discovered by a relatively small group of researchers, who did not include the participation of people living with diabetes in their research. This resulted in a lack of community participation. A decentralised approach to the discovery and development of insulin, in which multiple institutions and researchers were involved, could have led to more opportunities for people living with diabetes to participate in the research process and ensured that the treatment was more responsive to their needs. This approach could have led to more opportunities for people living with diabetes to participate in the research process and ensured that the treatment was more responsive to their needs.

It is important to note that centralised science can also result in scientific advancements and innovations; however, decentralised science has the potential to cultivate a scientific community that is more open-minded and diverse, which will ensure that the benefits of scientific progress are experienced by a larger population. In the case of insulin, a decentralised strategy would have assured that the advantages of the discovery of insulin were more widely shared and that people living with diabetes had easier access to therapy. In addition, it would have made the medicine more affordable.

By：kluless
Link：https://medium.com/@klu-less/asymmetric-science-988ad1f77100

Asymmetries in centralised science — need for decentralised science.


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*“Innovation is taking two things that exist and putting them together in a new way.”*

Our society has continued to find great innovations for whatever problems we face, Blockchain technology has been one of the frontiers in providing modern solutions to traditional problems. IP-NFTs (Intellectual Property- Non Fungible Tokens) and IPTs (Intellectual Property Tokens) are two of the latest innovations that the blockchain tech has given us. These groundbreaking digital assets are rewriting the rules of intellectual property, bridging gaps, and opening up exciting possibilities not just in research but also across diverse fields like art, music, education, and beyond. In this article, we’ll embark on a journey to unravel the intricacies, significance, advantages, risks, and numerous applications of IP-NFTs and IPTs.

## What Are IP-NFTs?
IP-NFTs are a fusion of traditional intellectual property and cutting-edge NFT technology. They represent unique, non-fungible tokens on the blockchain, similar to digital certificates of ownership. However, what sets them apart is that they encapsulate full legal IP rights and data access control to various forms of intellectual property, including research, art, music, and more.

Imagine a world where research projects are not shackled by the complexities of grant applications, where artists can securely protect their creations and are not exploited by Labels, and where innovation is not hampered by financial bottlenecks. This is the world that IP-NFTs are creating.

## How Does it Work?

![image](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*V8ZkNtrnT56HPUy2fjcT2Q.png)
Molecule documentation on how to min an IP-NFT

An Intellectual Property Non-Fungible Token (IP-NFT) works by combining the principles of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) with the ownership and rights associated with intellectual property (IP). IP-NFTs are already been used by DAOs in the DeSci space. DAOs like Molecule, Valley DAO, Vita DAO etc have all made use of IP-NFTs to fund some research projects. We will be using this a case study on how it works:

- Creation of the IP-NFT: The process typically begins when an individual or entity, such as a researcher, artist, or creator, decides to tokenize their intellectual property. This intellectual property could be anything from research data and patents to digital artwork or music. They decide to create an IP-NFT to represent this IP on the blockchain.
- Drafting an Agreement (a relevant IP contract): If we’re talking about research data, for instance, a Research Agreement or a similar legal contract is drafted. This agreement outlines the rights associated with the intellectual property, including who owns it, how it can be used, and any potential royalties or compensation for its use.
- Accessing the Blockchain: To create an IP-NFT, the creator accesses a blockchain platform that supports the creation of NFTs. Ethereum, Polygon and so many more are popular choices for this purpose. They need a cryptocurrency wallet to interact with the blockchain.
- Minting the IP-NFT: The creator initiates (or, most times, has a dev) the minting process, which involves generating a unique IP-NFT. During this process, several key elements are recorded on the blockchain:
- Token ID: This is a unique identifier for the IP-NFT.
- Metadata: Information about the IP is embedded in the NFT’s metadata. This can include a title, description, creator details, and more.
- Link to the IP: A link or reference to the intellectual property, such as a URL pointing to a research dataset or a digital file of an artwork, is included.
- Uploading the Research Agreement: The IP creator uploads the Research Agreement (or relevant IP contract) to the IP-NFT. This step is crucial as it legally links the IP-NFT to the terms and conditions outlined in the agreement.
- Assignment Agreement: An Assignment Agreement is created within the IP-NFT, which officially assigns the rights mentioned in the Research Agreement to the IP-NFT holder. This agreement may also specify the target wallet address where the IP rights are assigned. By default, it’s the connected wallet, but it can be different if desired.
- Ownership and Access Control: Once minted, the IP-NFT represents ownership of the intellectual property according to the terms of the Research Agreement and Assignment Agreement. The creator maintains control over the IP rights until the IP-NFT is transferred to another wallet.
- Transfer and Usage: The IP-NFT can now be transferred to other individuals or entities through blockchain transactions. The recipient of the IP-NFT obtains the rights specified in the Assignment Agreement. These rights can include the ability to use, license, or even sell the intellectual property associated with the NFT.
- Monetization: Depending on the terms set in the Research Agreement and Assignment Agreement, the IP-NFT holder may be entitled to royalties or compensation when the intellectual property is used or licensed. These transactions can be programmed into smart contracts associated with the IP-NFT.
- Immutable Record: All the information stored within the IP-NFT, including the Research Agreement, Assignment Agreement, and ownership history, is recorded on the blockchain. This makes it tamper-proof and provides a transparent, immutable record of the IP’s ownership and rights.
- Decentralized Access Control: Access to the IP, as specified in the Research Agreement, is managed through decentralized access control systems. Lit Protocol, for example, manages access control based on NFT ownership.
- Future Access: As long as the IP-NFT holder maintains ownership of the NFT, they can access and utilize the associated intellectual property. The decryption key for the Research Agreement is stored with Lit Protocol, ensuring secure and controlled access.
- An IP-NFT functions as a digital certificate of ownership and rights for intellectual property on the blockchain. It combines legal agreements, blockchain technology, and smart contracts to securely represent and manage intellectual property, allowing creators to monetize their work and share it with others in a transparent and decentralized manner.

## The Advantages of IP-NFTs

![image](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*vSI0n6urRKMIuOiXUB1LoQ.png)

- Streamlined Funding: Creators and Researchers no longer need to navigate the labyrinthine grant application process. IP-NFTs offer a direct route to funding, unleashing exciting possibilities for early-stage research.

- Community Engagement: IP-NFTs foster direct collaboration with stakeholders and the general public. They empower researchers to engage with passionate communities eager to be part of groundbreaking discoveries.

- Control Over Data: These tokens grant creators control over data access, especially science researchers. This is a pivotal element for promoting open science and ensuring research findings reach the right hands.

- Innovative Funding Models: IP-NFTs introduce fresh funding and monetization avenues. They allow for fractional ownership of intellectual property, royalties distribution, all meticulously programmed through smart contracts.

## Democratizing Control Over Intellectual Property: IP-Tokens
IP Tokens (IPTs) are synthesized from IP-NFTs and play a pivotal role in governing the intellectual property generated by an IP-NFT. They represent an extension of the intricate legal and blockchain-based contracts that constitute the IP-NFT Protocol. IPTs bring together token holders under a common objective: to construct and cultivate valuable intellectual property.

IPT holders become co-governors of this intellectual property pool, participating in unique incentive programs, fostering IP growth and experimentation, and nurturing transformative IP networks.

Imagine the IP-NFT as a pirate ship, housing the treasures of groundbreaking scientific inventions. The ship’s crew comprises DAO (Decentralized Autonomous Organization) members contributing their unique skills and knowledge. IPTs act as the ship’s rudder, strategically directing the vessel and, by extension, the future trajectory of scientific advancements. This paradigm shift empowers patients and researchers, who were previously treated as cargo, to take the helm. As the generators of valuable pharmaceutical data, they now play a pivotal role in governance, ensuring that medical advancements serve the universal good.

### Governance Rights

IPT holders exercise governance over the intellectual property pool associated with the IP-NFT from which they were derived. This agreement empowers IPT holders to control the IP licencing process, including determining the parties involved, the terms of IP licenses, and the utilization of proceeds derived from these licences. IPT holders actively influence how IP licenses are managed, ensuring transparency and fairness.

### Economic Rights

In contrast to fractional NFT holders, IPT holders, under the standard Membership Agreement, are not inherently entitled to economic benefits. They do not possess a predetermined contractual right to receive proceeds following the sale of an IP-NFT. Instead, IPT holders are endowed with governance rights and must actively participate in voting to determine the allocation of proceeds from IP licenses, sales, and other IP-related activities within their IP pool.

It’s essential to carefully consider the implications before initiating or approving a vote to enable economic rights for IPTs. Such actions could alter the regulatory status of the tokens, potentially leading to new regulatory responsibilities and consequences based on the jurisdiction of token holders.

## IP Licenses and Non-Ownership
IPT holders exercise administrative control over the licensing of intellectual property and data connected to their respective IP-NFTs. IP licenses related to IP and R&D data from an IP-NFT must be directed and consented to by the IPT holders associated with that specific IP-NFT. This democratic process ensures an inclusive and fair approach to IP licensing.

Crucially, IPT holders do not possess direct ownership of the intellectual property itself, as it is retained and controlled by the IP-NFT owner. This approach circumvents complexities and conflicts arising from joint IP ownership laws across jurisdictions.

## Synthesizing IPTs
The synthesis of IPTs represents a bold step toward democratizing the rights associated with IP-NFTs, distributing them across a community of token holders. This process is facilitated by a smart contract that allows an IP-NFT holder to create IPTs.

However, IPTs are not mere digital tokens; they are memberships, invitations to participate in an intellectual property pool unique to their parent IP-NFT. They embody the community’s collective voice, representing shared decision-making, collaborative governance, and a sense of ownership over the future of intellectual property.

### IPT Membership Agreement

The first legal contract governing IPTs is an adhesion contract called the IPT Membership Agreement. Tailored for DeSci (Decentralized Science), this agreement enables novel ways of organizing IP development through IP pooling. IP pool memberships are represented as IPTs and governed by the IPT Membership Agreement.

### Smart Contracts

For more technical details about the smart contracts associated with IPTs,you can refer to this documentation.

### The Changing Landscape of Intellectual Property

Traditionally, intellectual property, encompassing creations of the human mind like art, music, and research, was protected by national and international laws through patents, copyrights, and trademarks. While these legal frameworks defined ownership and usage terms, the emergence of IP-NFTs has introduced a paradigm shift.

IP-NFTs operate on blockchain technology, powered by smart contracts. These contracts are lines of code that automate transactions, creating a transparent and secure environment for buying, selling, and trading intellectual property. However, this transformation comes with its own set of challenges, primarily due to the lack of comprehensive regulation.

### The Advantages of IP-NFTs and IP Tokens

Fundraising Without Boundaries: One of the most compelling aspects of IP-NFTs is their ability to revolutionize fundraising. Researchers, artists, and creators can now secure funding without the hurdles of endless grant applications or the need to create startups. Instead of waiting for the traditional grant approval process, they can turn to IP-NFTs and the power of the crowd.

Direct Engagement and Collaboration: IP-NFTs open the door to direct engagement with stakeholders. Whether it’s patients supporting medical research or a global community of researchers collaborating on open science projects, IP Tokens provide a voice and a seat at the table. This fosters a sense of belonging and participation in the journey of intellectual property.

Empowering Research Sustainability: In the realm of scientific research, IP-NFTs bring about sustainability. Non-profit organizations and decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) can leverage IP-NFTs to monetize research, ensuring long-term support and funding. This decentralization shifts the power from centralized institutions to the people who genuinely care about the mission.

Monetization and Financial Tools: IP Tokens empower creators to explore new monetization strategies. Through programmable smart contracts, they can define the terms of use, royalties, and even create conditions for future IP rights. This level of flexibility and financial control was once exclusive to sophisticated institutions but is now accessible to everyone through Web3 and DeFi technology.

## Risks Associated with IP-NFTs and IPTs: A Comprehensive Overview
IP-NFTs (Intellectual Property Non-Fungible Tokens) and their associated IPTs (IP Tokens) introduce groundbreaking opportunities, but they also bring with them certain risks that need to be carefully considered. In this comprehensive overview, we delve into the various risks associated with IP-NFTs and IPTs, merging traditional intellectual property risks with the challenges posed by blockchain technology.

### 1. Risks of Control

Traditional IP Risk: One of the inherent risks in the realm of traditional intellectual property is disputes over control. This can arise due to inefficient IP laws and conflicts of jurisdiction. To mitigate this risk, it’s crucial to have a clear understanding of who controls the intellectual property that you intend to mint into an IP-NFT.

Mitigation Strategy: One way to mitigate this risk is to transfer the IP into a single legal entity co-managed by multiple individuals or entities. For instance, a Series LLC created on Ethereum can set forth clear terms and conditions regarding IP control and house the IP within an IP-NFT. This approach minimizes many of the traditional risks associated with IP control.

### 2. Risks of DAOs (Decentralized Autonomous Organizations)

Regulatory Uncertainty: DAOs present regulatory risks and uncertainties. Questions arise regarding the legal status of DAOs, such as whether they qualify as general partnerships and how to limit personal liability for participants. Holding an IP-NFT within a DAO may also have implications for DAO token holders.

Mitigation Strategy: To address these risks, liability-limitation mechanisms like DAO wrappers are being explored. Entities like OpenLaw or Wyoming’s DAO legal framework are experimenting with ways to limit liability for crypto wallet holders. Minting Series LLCs or UNAs (Uniform Nonprofit Association) to DAO wallets is one approach. Additionally, guidance from organizations like a16z provides insights into navigating DAO-related risks.

### 3. Risks of Securities

Securities Laws: There’s a risk that IP-NFTs or their IPTs, if sold in certain ways, could be classified as securities. Securities offerings are subject to disclosure rules and procedural requirements in the USA, EU, and other jurisdictions.

Mitigation Strategy: It’s essential to understand that there is a distinction between the asset itself (e.g., a fungible crypto token or an orange grove) and the offering or sale of that asset. While the asset may not be a security, the offering, such as an initial coin offering (ICO) or the sale of shares of future profits, may be considered a security. Compliance with securities regulations, including disclosure rules and procedural requirements, is crucial. Consult with local legal experts to ensure compliance with securities laws in specific jurisdictions.

In summary, IP-NFTs and IPTs represent a revolutionary fusion of intellectual property and blockchain technology. While they unlock exciting possibilities, it’s imperative to navigate the associated risks effectively. Mitigation strategies, including legal structures and compliance measures, play a pivotal role in managing these risks and ensuring the responsible utilization of IP-NFTs and IPTs in the evolving landscape of intellectual property management.

## Conclusion

IP-NFTs, in particular, stand as a beacon of change, where research projects can break free from bureaucratic grant applications, artists can safeguard their creations, and innovation can flourish without financial constraints. They have the power to rewrite the rules of intellectual property, ushering in a new era of accessibility and transparency.

As we’ve explored the intricacies of IP-NFTs and IPTs, from creation and governance to potential risks, it’s evident that these digital assets offer a promising path toward democratizing intellectual property. By giving voice and ownership to stakeholders and creators alike, they empower us to collectively shape the future of intellectual property.

By：Gbirioluwaseun
Link：https://gbirioluwaseun.medium.com/ip-nfts-and-ip-tokens-a-deep-dive-53ee86c8b00a


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How was our last article on the challenges of data privacy and security in traditional science and why decentralized science is the solution? I hope you learnt a lot from it. If you’re wondering what article I’m talking about, then I implore you to go back to the article here and read it. Then come back and join me here.

Now that you’ve read the last article, it won’t be difficult for you to flow with me in this one. Today, we’ll explore the technologies in decentralized science that are capable of solving data privacy and security challenges in the science field. But before we do that, let’s understand the meaning of data privacy and data security.

## Data Privacy
Data privacy runs across several fields. However, in the context of scientific research, data privacy entails safeguarding sensitive data collected from research participants, ensuring that it remains confidential and is used only for the intended research purposes. This includes personal identifiers, medical records, genetic information, and any other data that could be linked to an individual.

## Data Security
Data security, on the other hand, pertains to protecting data from unauthorized access, manipulation, or destruction. It encompasses a range of measures to safeguard data throughout its lifecycle, including encryption, access controls, authentication, and auditing. In scientific research, data security is crucial to prevent data breaches, cyberattacks, and data tampering that could compromise the integrity of research findings.

Notice how data security and data privacy involve not letting information get into the wrong hands. Now, we’ll delve into how decentralized science is a solution to the challenges associated with these concepts.

## How Decentralized Science Solves Data Privacy and Security Issues

![image](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/0*F9D8Cs5pOf6achME)
Image by Fly:D on Unsplash

## Use of Blockchain Technology for Immutability and Integrity:
Blockchain is at the core of decentralized science, providing an immutable ledger that secures data and ensures its integrity. Each data block is cryptographically linked to the previous one, creating a chain of records that cannot be altered retroactively. This feature prevents data tampering and unauthorized modifications, guaranteeing the accuracy and reliability of research findings. By ensuring data immutability, blockchain technology mitigates the risk of data manipulation and supports the principle of data integrity in scientific research.

## Cryptographic Techniques for Enhanced Data Privacy:
Decentralized science relies on cryptographic techniques to protect data privacy and confidentiality. Public-key cryptography enables secure data sharing while allowing only authorized users to access encrypted data using their private keys. This ensures that sensitive data remains confidential and inaccessible to unauthorized parties, addressing concerns about data privacy in scientific research.

## Smart Contracts for Transparent and Automated Data Sharing:
Smart contracts are self-executing programs that facilitate automated and transparent data sharing in decentralized science. Researchers can define access conditions and data usage terms within smart contracts, ensuring that data is shared only with approved parties and used in accordance with pre-defined rules. By automatically enforcing these conditions, smart contracts enhance transparency and trust in data-sharing practices, reducing the risk of unauthorized data access and data misuse.

## Distributed Ledger Technology for Data Distribution and Redundancy:
Decentralized science relies on distributed ledger technology to store data across a network of nodes, eliminating the need for a central repository. Each node holds a copy of the entire dataset, providing redundancy and fault tolerance. This distributed storage approach reduces the risk of a single point of failure and enhances data security. Even if one node becomes compromised, the data remains accessible and secure on other nodes, ensuring continuous availability and mitigating the risk of data loss.

## Conclusion
It’s so great to see how decentralized science harnesses a range of cutting-edge technologies to revolutionize data privacy and security in scientific research. By leveraging blockchain for immutability and integrity, cryptographic techniques for enhanced privacy, smart contracts for transparent data sharing, and distributed ledger technology for data distribution, decentralized science addresses the challenges of data privacy and security.

As a scientist, you don’t have to worry anymore about the privacy of your data when you join the train of decentralized science. So what are you waiting for? Connect with us on our socials and learn more about how to be a scientist in decentralized science😉.

By：DeSci Africa
Link：https://medium.com/@desciafrica/decentralized-science-the-solution-to-data-privacy-and-security-challenges-in-research-part-two-2e1ce97c4858

Decentralized Science: The Solution to Data Privacy and Security Challenges in Research — Part Two